Mongolian script ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ | |
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Script type | |
Creator | Tata-tonga |
Time period | c. 1204 – present |
Direction | top-to-bottom, left-to-right ![]() |
Languages | Mongolian language |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | Manchu alphabet Oirat alphabet (Clear script) Buryat alphabet Galik alphabet Evenki alphabet Xibe alphabet |
ISO 15924 | |
ISO 15924 | Mong, 145 ![]() |
Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Mongolian |
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The classical or traditional Mongolian script,[note 1] also known as the Hudum Mongol bichig,[note 2][citation needed] was the first writing system created specifically for the Mongolian language, and was the most widespread until the introduction of Cyrillic in 1946. It is traditionally written in vertical lines Top-Down, right across the page. Derived from the Old Uyghur alphabet, Mongolian is a true alphabet, with separate letters for consonants and vowels. The Mongolian script has been adapted to write languages such as Oirat and Manchu. Alphabets based on this classical vertical script are used in Inner Mongolia and other parts of China to this day to write Mongolian, Xibe and, experimentally, Evenki.
Computer operating systems have been slow to adopt support for the Mongolian script, and almost all have incomplete support or other text rendering difficulties.
The Mongolian vertical script developed as an adaptation of the Old Uyghur alphabet for the Mongolian language.[2]: 545 From the seventh and eighth to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Mongolian language separated into southern, eastern and western dialects. The principal documents from the period of the Middle Mongol language are: in the eastern dialect, the famous text The Secret History of the Mongols, monuments in the Square script, materials of the Chinese–Mongolian glossary of the fourteenth century, and materials of the Mongolian language of the middle period in Chinese transcription, etc.; in the western dialect, materials of the Arab–Mongolian and Persian–Mongolian dictionaries, Mongolian texts in Arabic transcription, etc.[3]: 1–2 The main features of the period are that the vowels ï and i had lost their phonemic significance, creating the i phoneme (in the Chakhar dialect, the Standard Mongolian in Inner Mongolia, these vowels are still distinct); inter-vocal consonants γ/g, b/w had disappeared and the preliminary process of the formation of Mongolian long vowels had begun; the initial h was preserved in many words; grammatical categories were partially absent, etc. The development over this period explains why the Mongolian script looks like a vertical Arabic script (in particular the presence of the dot system).[3]: 1–2
Eventually, minor concessions were made to the differences between the Uyghur and Mongol languages: In the 17th and 18th centuries, smoother and more angular versions of the letter tsadi became associated with [dʒ] and [tʃ] respectively, and in the 19th century, the Manchu hooked yodh was adopted for initial [j]. Zain was dropped as it was redundant for [s]. Various schools of orthography, some using diacritics, were developed to avoid ambiguity.[2]: 545
Traditional Mongolian is written vertically from top to bottom, flowing in lines from left to right. The Old Uyghur script and its descendants, of which traditional Mongolian is one among Oirat Clear, Manchu, and Buryat are the only known vertical scripts written from left to right. This developed because the Uyghurs rotated their Sogdian-derived script, originally written right to left, 90 degrees counterclockwise to emulate Chinese writing, but without changing the relative orientation of the letters.[4][1]: 36
The reed pen was the writing instrument of choice until the 18th century, when the brush took its place under Chinese influence.[5]: 422 Pens were also historically made of wood, reed, bamboo, bone, bronze, or iron. Ink used was black or cinnabar red, and written with on birch bark, paper, cloths made of silk or cotton, and wooden or silver plates.[6]: 80–81
Mongols learned their script as a syllabary, dividing the syllables into twelve different classes, based on the final phonemes of the syllables, all of which ended in vowels.[7]
The script remained in continuous use by Mongolian speakers in Inner Mongolia in the People's Republic of China. In the Mongolian People's Republic, it was largely replaced by the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet, although the vertical script remained in limited use. In March 2020, the Mongolian government announced plans to increase the use of the traditional Mongolian script and to use both Cyrillic and Mongolian script in official documents by 2025.[8][9][10]
The traditional Mongolian script is known by a wide variety of names. Because of its similarity to the Old Uyghur alphabet, it became known as the Uigurjin Mongol script.[note 3] During the communist era, when Cyrillic became the official script for the Mongolian language, the traditional script became known as the Old Mongol script,[note 4] in contrast to the New script,[note 5] referring to Cyrillic.
The traditional or classical Mongolian alphabet, sometimes called Hudum 'traditional' in Oirat in contrast to the Clear script (Todo 'exact'), is the original form of the Mongolian script used to write the Mongolian language. It does not distinguish several vowels (o/u, ö/ü, final a/e) and consonants (syllable-initial t/d and k/g, sometimes ǰ/y) that were not required for Uyghur, which was the source of the Mongol (or Uyghur-Mongol) script.[4] The result is somewhat comparable to the situation of English, which must represent ten or more vowels with only five letters and uses the digraph th for two distinct sounds. Ambiguity is sometimes prevented by context, as the requirements of vowel harmony and syllable sequence usually indicate the correct sound. Moreover, as there are few words with an exactly identical spelling, actual ambiguities are rare for a reader who knows the orthography.
Letters have different forms depending on their position in a word: initial, medial, or final. In some cases, additional graphic variants are selected for visual harmony with the subsequent character.
The rules for writing below apply specifically for the Mongolian language, unless stated otherwise.
Mongolian vowel harmony separates the vowels of words into three groups – two mutually exclusive and one neutral:
Any Mongolian word can contain the neutral vowel i, but only vowels from either of the other two groups. The vowel qualities of visually separated vowels and suffixes must likewise harmonize with those of the preceding word stem. Such suffixes are written with front or neutral vowels when preceded by a word stem containing only neutral vowels. Any of these rules might not apply for foreign words however.[3]: 11, 35, 39 [16]: 10 [17]: 4 [13]
A separated final form of vowels a or e is common, and can appear at the end of a word stem, or suffix. This form requires a final-shaped preceding letter, and an inter-word gap in between. This gap can be transliterated with a hyphen.[note 6][3]: 30, 77 [18]: 42 [1]: 38–39 [17]: 27 [19]: 534–535
The presence or lack of a separated a or e can also indicate differences in meaning between different words (compare ᠬᠠᠷᠠ⟨?⟩ qar‑a 'black' with ᠬᠠᠷᠠ qara 'to look').[20]: 3 [19]: 535
Its form could be confused with that of the identically shaped traditional dative-locative suffix ‑a/‑e exemplified further down. That form however, is more commonly found in older texts, and more commonly takes the forms of ⟨ᠲ᠋ᠤᠷ⟩ tur/tür or ⟨ᠳ᠋ᠤᠷ⟩ dur/dür instead.[16]: 15 [21][1]: 46
All case suffixes, as well as any plural suffixes consisting of one or two syllables, are likewise separated by a preceding and hyphen-transliterated gap.[note 7] A maximum of two case suffixes can be added to a stem.[3]: 30, 73 [16]: 12 [21][22][17]: 28 [19]: 534
Such single-letter vowel suffixes appear with the final-shaped forms of a/e, i, or u/ü,[3]: 30 as in ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠ⟨?⟩ γaǰar‑a 'to the country' and ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠡ⟨?⟩ edür‑e 'on the day',[3]: 39 or ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ⟨?⟩ ulus‑i 'the state' etc.[3]: 23 Multi-letter suffixes most often start with an initial- (consonants), medial- (vowels), or variant-shaped form. Medial-shaped u in the two-letter suffix ᠤᠨ⟨?⟩ ‑un/‑ün is exemplified in the adjacent newspaper logo.[3]: 30 [19]: 27
In the modern language, proper names (but not words) usually forms graphic compounds (such as those of ᠬᠠᠰᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ Qas'erdeni 'Jasper-jewel' or ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ Kökeqota – the city of Hohhot). These also allow components of different harmonic classes to be joined together, and where the vowels of an added suffix will harmonize with those of the latter part of the compound. Orthographic peculiarities are most often retained, as with the short and long teeth of an initial-shaped ö in ᠮᠤᠤᠥ᠌ᠬᠢᠨ Muu'ökin 'Bad Girl' (protective name). Medial t and d, in contrast, are not affected in this way.[3]: 30 [23]: 92 [1]: 44 [24]: 88
Isolate citation forms for syllables containing o, u, ö, and ü may in dictionaries appear without a final tail as in ⟨ᠪᠣ⟩ bo/bu or ⟨ᠮᠣ᠋⟩ mo/mu, and with a vertical tail as in ⟨ᠪᠥ᠋⟩ bö/bü or ⟨ᠮᠥ᠋⟩ mö/mü (as well as in transcriptions of Chinese syllables).[13][1]: 39
Transliteration[note 8] | International Phonetic Alphabet | Contextual forms | Letters [3]: 17, 18 [2]: 546 | ||||
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Latin | Cyrillic[26][25] | Khalkha[18]: 40–42 | Chakhar[13][27] | Final | Medial | Initial | |
a | а | /a/ | /ɑ/ | ᠊ᠠ | ᠊ᠠ᠊ | ᠠ᠊ | ᠠ |
e | э | /ə/ | ᠊ᠡ | ᠊ᠡ᠊ | ᠡ᠊ | ᠡ | |
i | и | /i/ | /i/ or /ɪ/ | ᠊ᠢ | ᠊ᠢ᠊ | ᠢ᠊ | ᠢ |
o | о | /ɔ/ | ᠊ᠣ | ᠊ᠣ᠊ | ᠣ᠊ | ᠣ | |
u | у | /ʊ/ | ᠊ᠤ | ᠊ᠤ᠊ | ᠤ᠊ | ᠤ | |
ö | ө | /ɵ/ | /o/ | ᠊ᠥ | ᠊ᠥ᠊ | ᠥ᠊ | ᠥ |
ü | ү | /u/ | ᠊ᠦ | ᠊ᠦ᠊ | ᠦ᠊ | ᠦ | |
n | н | /n/ | ᠊ᠨ | ᠊ᠨ᠊ | ᠨ᠊ | ᠨ | |
ng | нг | /ŋ/ | ᠊ᠩ | ᠊ᠩ᠊ | ᠩ᠊ | ᠩ | |
b | б | /p/ and /w/ | /b/ | ᠊ᠪ | ᠊ᠪ᠊ | ᠪ᠊ | ᠪ |
p | п | /pʰ/ | /p/ | ᠊ᠫ | ᠊ᠫ᠊ | ᠫ᠊ | ᠫ |
q | х | /x/ | ᠊ᠬ | ᠊ᠬ᠊ | ᠬ᠊ | ᠬ | |
γ | г | /ɢ/ | /ɣ/ | ᠊ᠭ | ᠊ᡍ᠊ | ᡍ᠊ | ᠭ |
m | м | /m/ | ᠊ᠮ | ᠊ᠮ᠊ | ᠮ᠊ | ᠮ | |
l | л | /ɮ/ | /l/ | ᠊ᠯ | ᠊ᠯ᠊ | ᠯ᠊ | ᠯ |
s | с | /s/ or /ʃ/ before i | ᠊ᠰ | ᠊ᠰ᠊ | ᠰ᠊ | ᠰ | |
š | ш | /ʃ/ | ᠊ᠱ | ᠊ᠱ᠊ | ᠱ᠊ | ᠱ | |
t | т | /t/ | ᠊ᠲ | ᠊ᠲ᠊ | ᠲ᠊ | ᠲ | |
d | д | /t/ and /tʰ/ | /d/ | ᠊ᠳ | ᠊ᠳ᠊ | ᠳ᠊ | ᠳ |
č | ч | /t͡ʃʰ/ and /t͡sʰ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | ᠊ᠴ | ᠊ᠴ᠊ | ᠴ᠊ | ᠴ |
ǰ | ж | /d͡ʒ/ and d͡z | /d͡ʒ/ | ᠊ᠵ | ᠊ᠵ᠊ | ᠵ᠊ | ᠵ |
y | й ю | /j/ | ᠊ᠶ | ᠊ᠶ᠊ | ᠶ᠊ | ᠶ | |
r | р | /r/ | ᠊ᠷ | ᠊ᠷ᠊ | ᠷ᠊ | ᠷ |
Main article: Galik alphabet |
In 1587, the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh (Аюуш гүүш) created the Galik alphabet (Али-гали Ali-gali), inspired by the third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso. It primarily added extra characters for transcribing Tibetan and Sanskrit terms when translating religious texts, and later also from Chinese. Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names (as listed below).[28]
Transliteration[note 8] | IPA | Contextual forms | Letters [3]: 17, 18 [2]: 546 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Latin | Cyrillic[26][25] | Sanskrit | Tibetan[3]: 28 [29]: 86, 244, 251 | Final | Medial | Initial | ||
ē | е | /e/ | ᠊ᠧ | ᠊ᠧ᠊ | ᠧ᠊ | ᠧ | ||
w | в | ཝ | /w/ | ᠊ᠸ | ᠊ᠸ᠊ | ᠸ᠊ | ᠸ | |
f | ф | ཕ | /f/ | ᠊ᠹ | ᠊ᠹ᠊ | ᠹ᠊ | ᠹ | |
g | к | ग | ག | /k/ | ᠊ᠺ | ᠊ᠺ᠊ | ᠺ᠊ | ᠺ |
kh | к | ख | ཁ | /kʰ/ | ᠊ᠻ | ᠊ᠻ᠊ | ᠻ᠊ | ᠻ |
c | ц | छ | ཚ | /t͡s/ | ᠊ᠼ | ᠊ᠼ᠊ | ᠼ᠊ | ᠼ |
z | з | ज | ཛ | /d͡z/ | ᠊ᠽ | ᠊ᠽ᠊ | ᠽ᠊ | ᠽ |
h | х | ह | ཧ | /h/ | ᠊ᠾ | ᠊ᠾ᠊ | ᠾ᠊ | ᠾ |
ž[a] | ж | ཞ | /ʐ/, /ɻ/[b] | ᠊ᠿ | ᠊ᠿ᠊ | ᠿ᠊ | ᠿ | |
lh | лх | ལྷ | /ɬ/ | ᠊ᡀ | ᠊ᡀ᠊ | ᡀ᠊ | ᡀ | |
zh[c] | з | /d͡ʐ/ | ᠊ᡁ | ᠊ᡁ᠊ | ᡁ᠊ | ᡁ | ||
ch[d] | ч | /t͡ʂ/ | ᠊ᡂ | ᠊ᡂ᠊ | ᡂ᠊ | ᡂ |
Further information: Mongolian Supplement (Unicode block) |
When written between words, punctuation marks use space on both sides of them. They can also appear at the very end of a line, regardless of where the preceding word ends.[23]: 99 Red (cinnabar) ink is used in many manuscripts, either to symbolize emphasis or respect.[23]: 241 Modern punctuation incorporates Western marks: parentheses; quotation, question, and exclamation marks; as well as precomposed ⁈ and ⁉.[19]: 535–536
Form(s) | Name | Function(s) |
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᠀ | Birga: ᠪᠢᠷᠭᠠ birγ‑a | Marks start of a book, chapter, passage, or first line |
᠀᠋ | ||
᠀᠌ | ||
᠀᠍ | ||
[...] | ||
᠂ | 'Dot': ᠴᠡᠭ čeg | Comma |
᠃ | 'Double-dot': ᠳᠠᠪᠬᠤᠷ ᠴᠡᠭ dabqur čeg | Period / full stop |
᠅ | 'Four-fold dot': ᠳᠥᠷᠪᠡᠯᠵᠢᠨ ᠴᠡᠭ dörbelǰin čeg | Marks end of a passage, paragraph, or chapter |
᠁ | 'Dotted line': ᠴᠤᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠴᠡᠭ čubaγ‑a čeg | Ellipsis |
᠄ | Хос цэг khos tseg[citation needed] | Colon |
᠆ | 'Spine, backbone': ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ niruγu | Mongolian soft hyphen |
᠊ | Mongolian non-breaking hyphen, or stem extender |
Main article: Mongolian numerals |
Mongolian numerals are either written from left to right, or from top to bottom.[3]: 54 [26]: 9
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
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᠐ | ᠑ | ᠒ | ᠓ | ᠔ | ᠕ | ᠖ | ᠗ | ᠘ | ᠙ |
Listed in the table below are letter components (graphemes, or in Mongolian: ᠵᠢᠷᠤᠯᠭᠠ ǰirulγ‑a / зурлага zurlaga) commonly used across the script. Some of these are used with several letters, and others to contrast between them. As their forms and usage may differ between § writing styles however, examples of these can be found under this section below.
Form | Name(s) | Used with |
---|---|---|
ᠡ | 'Crown': ᠲᠢᠲᠢᠮ titim (тит(и/э)м tit(i/e)m) | all initial vowels (a, e, i, o, u, ö, ü, ē), and some initial consonants (n, m, l, h, etc). |
᠊ᠡ | 'Tooth': ᠠᠴᠤᠭ ačuγ (ацаг atsag) | a, e, n, ng, q, γ, m, l, d, etc; historically also r. |
'Tooth': ᠰᠢᠳᠦ sidü (шүд shüd) | ||
᠊᠊ | 'Spine, backbone': ᠨᠢᠷᠤᠭᠤ niruγu (нуруу nuruu) | the vertical line running through words. |
᠊ᠠ | 'Tail': ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ segül (сүүл süül) | a, e, n, etc. A final connected flourish/swash pointing right. |
᠊ᠰ᠋ | 'Short tail': ᠪᠣᠭᠤᠨᠢ ᠰᠡᠭᠦᠯ boγuni segül (богино/богонь сүүл bogino/bogoni süül) | final q, γ, m, and s |
ᠠ⟨?⟩ ⟨![]() |
[...]: ᠣᠷᠬᠢᠴᠠ orkiča (орхиц orkhits) | separated final a or e. |
'Sprinkling, dusting': ᠴᠠᠴᠤᠯᠭᠠ⟨?⟩ čačulγ‑a (цацлага tsatslaga) | lower part of final a or e; the lower part of final g. | |
ᡳ᠌ | 'Hook': ᠳᠡᠭᠡᠭᠡ degege (дэгээ degee) | final i and d. |
ᠵ | 'Shin, stick': ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ silbi (шилбэ shilbe) | i; initial ö and ü; the upper part of final g; ǰ and y, etc. |
'Straight shin': ᠰᠢᠯᠤᠭᠤᠨ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ siluγun silbi (шулуун шилбэ shuluun shilbe) | ||
'Long tooth': ᠤᠷᠲᠤ ᠰᠢᠳᠦ urtu sidü (урт шүд urt shüd) | ||
ᠶ | 'Shin with upturn': ᠡᠭᠡᠲᠡᠭᠡᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ egeteger silbi (э(э)тгэр шилбэ e(e)tger shilbe) | y. |
ᠸ | Shin with downturn: ᠮᠠᠲᠠᠭᠠᠷ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ mataγar silbi (матгар шилбэ matgar shilbe) | ē and w. |
ᠷ | Horned shin: ᠥᠷᠭᠡᠰᠦᠲᠡᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ örgesütei silbi (өргөстэй шилбэ örgöstei shilbe) | r, and historically also the upper part of final g and separated a. |
ᠳ᠋ | 'Looped shin': ᠭᠣᠭᠴᠤᠭᠠᠲᠠᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ γoγčuγatai silbi (гогцоотой шилбэ gogtsootoi shilbe) | t and d. |
ᡁ | 'Hollow shin': ᠬᠥᠨᠳᠡᠢ ᠰᠢᠯᠪᠢ köndei silbi (хөндий шилбэ khöndii shilbe) | h and zh. |
ᠢ | 'Bow': ᠨᠤᠮᠤ numu (нум num) | final i, o–ü, and r; ng, b, p, k, g, etc. |
᠊ᠣ | 'Belly, stomach,' loop, contour: ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠰᠦ gedesü (гэдэс gedes) | the enclosed part of o–ü, b, p, initial t and d, etc. |
ᠲ | 'Hind-gut': ᠠᠷᠤ ᠶᠢᠨ ᠭᠡᠳᠡᠰᠦ⟨?⟩ aru‑yin gedesü (арын гэдэс aryn gedes) | initial t and d. |
᠊ᠹ | Flaglet, tuft: ᠵᠠᠷᠲᠢᠭ ǰartiγ (зартиг zartig Wylie: 'jar-thig) | the left-side diacritic of f and z. |
ᠽ | ||
ᠬ | [...]: [...] (ятгар зартиг yatgar zartig) | initial q and γ. |
᠊ᠮ | 'Braid, pigtail': ᠭᠡᠵᠢᠭᠡ geǰige (гэзэг gezeg) | m. |
'Horn': ᠡᠪᠡᠷ eber (эвэр ever) | ||
᠊ᠯ | 'Horn': ᠡᠪᠡᠷ eber (эвэр ever) | l. |
'Braid, pigtail': ᠭᠡᠵᠢᠭᠡ geǰige (гэзэг gezeg) | ||
᠊ᠰ | 'Corner of the mouth': ᠵᠠᠪᠠᠵᠢ ǰabaǰi (зав(и/ь)ж zavij) | s and š. |
ᠴ | [...]: ᠰᠡᠷᠡᠭᠡ ᠡᠪᠡᠷ serege eber (сэрээ эвэр seree ever) | č. |
'Fork': ᠠᠴᠠ ača (ац ats) | ||
ᠵ | [...]: [...] (жалжгар эвэр jaljgar ever) | ǰ. |
'Tusk, fang': ᠰᠣᠶᠤᠭᠠ⟨?⟩ soyuγ‑a (соёо soyoo) |
As exemplified in this section, the shapes of glyphs may vary widely between different styles of writing and choice of medium with which to produce them. The development of written Mongolian can be divided into the three periods of pre-classical (beginning – 17th century), classical (16/17th century – 20th century), and modern (20th century onward):[31][3]: 2–3, 17, 23, 25–26 [16]: 58–59 [2]: 539–540, 545–546 [26]: 62–63 [42]: 111, 113–114 [18]: 40–42, 100–101, 117 [1]: 34–37 [43]: 8–11 [38]: 211–215
Block‑printed | Pen-written form | Modern brush‑ |
Transliteration(s) & 'translation' | |
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Uyghur Mong. form | semi-modern forms | |||
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arban 'ten' |
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Block‑printed | Pen-written forms | Modern brush‑ |
Transliteration(s) & 'translation' | |
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Uyghur Mong. forms | semi-modern forms | |||
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‑ača/ |
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‑un/ |
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‑ud/ |
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ba 'and' |
Block‑printed | Pen-written forms | Modern brush‑ |
Transliteration(s) & 'translation' | |
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Uyghur Mong. forms | semi-modern forms | |||
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‑i |
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‑yi |
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‑yin |
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sain/sayin 'good' |
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yeke 'great' |
Block‑printed | Pen-written forms | Modern brush‑ |
Transliteration(s) & 'translation' | |
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Uyghur Mong. forms | semi-modern forms | |||
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‑u/ |
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bi 'I' |
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ab (intensifying particle) |
Block‑printed | Pen-written forms | Modern brush‑ |
Transliteration(s) & 'translation' | |
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Uyghur Mong. forms | semi-modern forms | |||
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‑a/ |
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‑luγ‑a |
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köke 'blue' |
köge 'soot' | ||||
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ǰüg 'direction' |
Block‑printed | Pen-written forms | Transliteration(s) & 'translation' | |
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Uyghur Mong. forms | semi-modern forms | ||
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es(‑)e 'not, no', (negation) |
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ulus 'nation' |
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nom 'book' | |
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čaγ 'time' |
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Block‑printed | Pen-written forms | Modern brush‑ |
Transliteration(s) & 'translation' | |
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Uyghur Mong. forms | semi-modern forms | |||
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[...] | ![]() |
toli 'mirror' |
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[...] | ‑daki/‑deki |
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[...] | ‑tur/ |
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‑dur/ | ||
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[...] | metü 'as' |
Block‑printed | Transliteration(s) & 'translation' | |
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Uyghur Mong. form | semi-modern form | |
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čečeg 'flower' |
Block-printed semi-modern form | Pen-written form | Transliteration(s) & 'translation' |
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qačar/γaǰar 'cheek/place' |
Block‑printed | Pen-written form | Modern brush‑ |
Transliteration(s) & 'translation' | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Uyghur Mong. form | semi-modern forms | |||
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sar(‑)a 'moon/month' |
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Manuscript | Type | Unicode | Transliteration (first word) |
---|---|---|---|
ᠸᠢᠺᠢᠫᠧᠳᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠠᠢ᠃ |
ᠸᠢ wi/ | ||
ᠺᠢ gi/ki | |||
ᠫᠧ pē/pé | |||
ᠲᠢ di | |||
ᠶᠠ ya | |||
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Mongolian script was added to the Unicode standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. However, several design issues have been pointed out.[44]
Main articles: Mongolian (Unicode block) and Mongolian Supplement (Unicode block) |
The Unicode block for Mongolian is U+1800–U+18AF. It includes letters, digits and various punctuation marks for Hudum Mongolian, Todo Mongolian, Xibe (Manchu), Manchu proper, and Ali Gali, as well as extensions for transcribing Sanskrit and Tibetan.
Mongolian[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+180x | ᠀ | ᠁ | ᠂ | ᠃ | ᠄ | ᠅ | ᠆ | ᠇ | ᠈ | ᠉ | ᠊ | FVS 1 |
FVS 2 |
FVS 3 |
MVS | FVS 4 |
U+181x | ᠐ | ᠑ | ᠒ | ᠓ | ᠔ | ᠕ | ᠖ | ᠗ | ᠘ | ᠙ | ||||||
U+182x | ᠠ | ᠡ | ᠢ | ᠣ | ᠤ | ᠥ | ᠦ | ᠧ | ᠨ | ᠩ | ᠪ | ᠫ | ᠬ | ᠭ | ᠮ | ᠯ |
U+183x | ᠰ | ᠱ | ᠲ | ᠳ | ᠴ | ᠵ | ᠶ | ᠷ | ᠸ | ᠹ | ᠺ | ᠻ | ᠼ | ᠽ | ᠾ | ᠿ |
U+184x | ᡀ | ᡁ | ᡂ | ᡃ | ᡄ | ᡅ | ᡆ | ᡇ | ᡈ | ᡉ | ᡊ | ᡋ | ᡌ | ᡍ | ᡎ | ᡏ |
U+185x | ᡐ | ᡑ | ᡒ | ᡓ | ᡔ | ᡕ | ᡖ | ᡗ | ᡘ | ᡙ | ᡚ | ᡛ | ᡜ | ᡝ | ᡞ | ᡟ |
U+186x | ᡠ | ᡡ | ᡢ | ᡣ | ᡤ | ᡥ | ᡦ | ᡧ | ᡨ | ᡩ | ᡪ | ᡫ | ᡬ | ᡭ | ᡮ | ᡯ |
U+187x | ᡰ | ᡱ | ᡲ | ᡳ | ᡴ | ᡵ | ᡶ | ᡷ | ᡸ | |||||||
U+188x | ᢀ | ᢁ | ᢂ | ᢃ | ᢄ | ᢅ | ᢆ | ᢇ | ᢈ | ᢉ | ᢊ | ᢋ | ᢌ | ᢍ | ᢎ | ᢏ |
U+189x | ᢐ | ᢑ | ᢒ | ᢓ | ᢔ | ᢕ | ᢖ | ᢗ | ᢘ | ᢙ | ᢚ | ᢛ | ᢜ | ᢝ | ᢞ | ᢟ |
U+18Ax | ᢠ | ᢡ | ᢢ | ᢣ | ᢤ | ᢥ | ᢦ | ᢧ | ᢨ | ᢩ | ᢪ | |||||
Notes |
The Mongolian Supplement block (U+11660–U+1167F) was added to the Unicode Standard in June, 2016 with the release of version 9.0:
Mongolian Supplement[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+1166x | 𑙠 | 𑙡 | 𑙢 | 𑙣 | 𑙤 | 𑙥 | 𑙦 | 𑙧 | 𑙨 | 𑙩 | 𑙪 | 𑙫 | 𑙬 | |||
U+1167x | ||||||||||||||||
Notes |