Russia has adopted two national transport strategies in recent years. On 12 May 2005, the Russian Ministry of Transport adopted the Transport Strategy of the Russian Federation to 2020. Three years later, on 22 November 2008, the Russian government adopted a revised strategy, extending to 2030.
The export of transport services is an important component of Russia's GDP. The government anticipates that between 2007 and 2030, the measures included in its 2008 transport strategy will increase the export of transport services to a total value of $80 billion, a sevenfold increase on its 2008 value. Foreign cargo weight transported is expected to increase from 28 million tonnes to 100 million tonnes over the same period.
In 2012, the cableway connecting Nizhny Novgorod and Bor was launched.[1] The length of the cableway is 3.5 km (2.2 mi). It has the largest unsupported span in Europe above the water surface is 861 metres (2,825 feet). The main purpose is to provide an alternative type of passenger transportation in addition to river taxis, electric trains and buses.
Russia has the world's third-largest railway network, behind only the United States and China,[2] with a total track length of 85,600 kilometres (53,200 mi) as of 2019.[3] It uses a broad rail gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in). Electrified track accounts for around half of the Russian railway network — totalling 43,800 kilometres (27,200 mi)[3] — but carries the majority of railway traffic.[4]
Russian locomotives
Russian Railways, the state-owned national rail carrier, is one of the world's largest transport companies, enjoying a monopoly over rail transport in Russia. Established in 1992, it employs an estimated 950,000 people, and accounted for 2.5% of the entire national GDP in 2009.[5][6] In 2007 alone, Russian Railways carried a total of 1.3 billion passengers[7] and 1.3 billion tons of freight[8] on its common-carrier routes.
Norway – No – But Proposed Via Finland & Sweden – break of gauge1,524 mm (5 ft)/1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in), or Murmansk – Kirkenes (10 km of 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in) on the Norwegian side will probably be widened to 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)[citation needed]
Finland – Yes — same gauge of 1,524 mm (5 ft)/1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
Estonia – Yes — same gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
Latvia – Yes — same gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
Lithuania – Yes – same gauge of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in)
As of 2006 Russia had 933,000 km of roads, of which 755,000 were paved.[9] Some of these make up the Russian federal motorway system. With a large land area the road density is the lowest of all the G8 and BRIC countries.[10]
The state of Russia's road system ranks 136th out of 144 countries evaluated. Rustam Minnikhanov, the president of Tatarstan and head of the State Council working group on roads, told the Novosibirsk meeting that 53 percent of federal highways and 63 percent of regional ones are substandard and that the situation is growing worse: Every year, the number of cars in Russia rises by six percent, but the highway system expands only 2200 kilometers. The Kremlin leader blamed this on corruption, the lack of oversight, and the failure to update standards set 30 years ago.[11] According to the Russian Federal State Statistics Service the road network expanded by 504,000 kilometers between 2003 and 2015, though this is largely due to the registration of previously ownerless roads.[12]
Road safety in Russia is poor, with a road accident rate higher than in Europe or the United States.[13] In 2011, Russia was 4th by number of absolute recorded road deaths.[14] Increasingly harsher penalties for traffic violations were imposed after 2008, but the level of corruption among traffic law enforcement authorities limits their effectiveness in reducing the number of accidents.[15]Dashcams are widespread, inasmuch as Russian courts prefer video evidence to eyewitness testimony, but also as a guard against police corruption and insurance fraud.[16]
After World War II, trucks and buses were manufactured for the socialist countries of Eastern Europe: Ikarus urban, intercity and tourist buses, Skoda buses and trucks, Industriewerke Ludwigsfelde and Robur trucks, Tatra, LIAZ, Praga V3S, Csepel, Avia and ZSD Nysa passenger vans and Zuk cargo vans). During the late 1950s OAF trucks were imported from the West, and Berliet T60 dump trucks were imported in 1969 to open the mine and ore-processing plant of Ai in the Orenburg Oblast. Tractors from Volvo and Mercedes-Benz NG were imported during the 1970s for the road-transport organization Sovtransavto. Unic-Fiat tractors were imported in the mid-1970s for the port of Leningrad, and Unit Rig and International Harvester Paystar dump trucks and cement mixers were used for the construction of irrigation canals from 1979 to 1983. Fawn ballast tractors were imported from 1970 to the 1980s, and Komatsu dump trucks began to be imported in 1979. Magirus bonneted flatbed trucks and dump trucks were used in 1975 for the construction of the Baikal–Amur Mainline (BAM).
In 1988, the free sale of trucks and buses was permitted. Since the 1990s, many new and used cars have been imported. During the 2000s, foreign companies began to build factories in Russia or enter into agreements with existing assembly plants.
According to the data from the Maritime Board (Morskaya Kollegiya) of the Russian Government, in 2004,[19] 136.6 million tons of cargo were carried that year over Russia's inland waterways, the total cargo transportation volume being 87,556.5 million ton-km. During that same year, 53 companies were engaged in carrying passengers over Russia's inland waterways; they transported 22.8 million passengers, the total volume of river passenger transportation being 841.1 million passenger-km.
Ceremony marking the start of construction of the Nord Stream gas pipeline's underwater section in Vyborg with former Russian President Dmitry Medvedev
Russia is home to the world's longest oil pipeline, the Druzhba pipeline and in fact one of the biggest oil pipeline networks in the world. It carries oil some 4,000 kilometres (2,500 mi) from the eastern part of the European Russia to points in Ukraine, Belarus, Poland, Hungary, Slovakia, the Czech Republic and Germany. The network also branches out into numerous pipelines to deliver its product throughout Eastern Europe and beyond. The name "Druzhba" means "friendship", alluding to the fact that the pipeline supplied oil to the energy-hungry western regions of the Soviet Union, to its "fraternal socialist allies" in the former Soviet bloc, and to western Europe. Today, it is the largest principal artery for the transportation of Russian (and Kazakh) oil across Europe.
On 29 October 2012 president Vladimir Putin instructed the general manager of Gazprom to start the construction of the pipeline. On 21 May 2014, Russia and China signed a 30-years gas deal which was need to make the project feasible. Construction was launched on 1 September 2014 in Yakutsk by president Putin and Chinese deputy premier minister Zhang Gaoli.[20][21]
Between 2013 and 2022, the Russian government subsidized around 140 domestic air routes covering 12 airports.[22] The subsidies are managed by Rosaviatsia and cover the Crimea, Kaliningrad and Far East regions of Russia.[23]
Aircraft manufacturing is an important industrial sector in Russia, employing around 355,300 people. The dissolution of the Soviet Union led to a deep crisis for the industry, especially for the civilian aircraft segment. The situation started improving during the middle of the first decade of the 2000s due to growth in air transportation and increasing demand. A consolidation programme launched in 2005 led to the creation of the United Aircraft Corporation holding company, which includes most of the industry's key companies. According to the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation, as of 2012, there were 6,200 civil aircraft in Russia.[17]
Airports with paved runways
Total:
630
over 3,047 m:
54
2,438 to 3,047 m:
202
1,524 to 2,437 m:
108
914 to 1,523 m:
115
under 914 m:
151 (1994 est.)
Airports with unpaved runways
Total:
1,887
over 3,047 m:
25
2,438 to 3,047 m:
45
1,524 to 2,437 m:
134
914 to 1,523 m:
291
under 914 m:
1,392 (1994 est.)
Search Engine of Moscow city transport. This engine provides the fastest and the most comfortable routes of Moscow's transport with detailed information about every route.
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