Clay County
U.S. county
Clay County Courthouse
Flag Seal
Location within the U.S. state of Florida
Florida's location within the U.S.
Coordinates: 29°59′N 81°52′W / 29.98°N 81.86°W / 29.98; -81.86
Country	United States
State	Florida
Founded	December 31, 1858
Named for	Henry Clay
Seat	Green Cove Springs
Largest city	Green Cove Springs
Area
• Total	644 sq mi (1,670 km2)
• Land	604 sq mi (1,560 km2)
• Water	39 sq mi (100 km2)  6.1%
Population  (2020)
• Total	218,245[1]
• Density	352/sq mi (136/km2)
Time zone	UTC−5 (Eastern)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−4 (EDT)
Congressional district	4th
Website	www.claycountygov.com

Clay County is located in the northeastern part of the U.S. state of Florida. As of 2020, the population was 218,245.^[1] Its county seat is Green Cove Springs.^[2] It is included in the Jacksonville metropolitan statistical area. It is named in honor of Henry Clay, a famous American statesman, member of the United States Senate from Kentucky, and United States Secretary of State in the 19th century.^[3][4]

History

Clay County was created on December 31, 1858, from a section of Duval County. The area was once a popular destination for tourists because of its hot springs and mild climate. Steamboats brought them to various hotels in Green Cove Springs, such as the St. Elmo, Clarendon, and Oakland. President Grover Cleveland was the most prominent of such tourists and had spring water shipped to the White House.^[5] Clay County's popularity among tourists peaked during the last three decades of the 19th century. Tourism later waned because of Henry Flagler's extension of the Florida East Coast Railway to other destinations such as Palm Beach and Miami.

The military has also played an important role in Clay County history. In 1939, Camp Blanding opened on Kingsley Lake in southwest Clay County. The Florida National Guard developed this 28,000-acre (110 km²) complex. During World War II, it trained over 90,000 troops and became the fourth-largest "city" in the state. In Green Cove Springs, Lee Field was a flight training center. After World War II, Lee Field became a base for the mothball fleet. Although Lee Field closed in the early 1960s, Camp Blanding continues to operate today as a base for military training. Clay County is also a popular choice of residence for military personnel stationed on bases in nearby Duval County (NAS Jacksonville, NS Mayport, and, before it closed, NAS Cecil Field).

Geography

According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 644 square miles (1,670 km²), of which 604 square miles (1,560 km²) are land and 39 square miles (100 km²) (6.1%) are covered by water.^[6]

Adjacent counties

• Alachua County, Florida - southwest
• Duval County, Florida - north
• St. Johns County, Florida - east
• Putnam County, Florida - south
• Bradford County, Florida - west
• Baker County, Florida - northwest

Transportation

Airports

• Keystone Heights Airport

Major highways

• US 17
• US 301
• SR 16
• SR 21
• SR 23
• SR 100

Demographics

Largest ancestries (2000)[11]	Percent
English	43.5%
Irish	5.5%
German	6.9%
Scottish	4.0%
"American"	3.8%

As of the 2020 United States census, there were 218,245 people, 75,360 households, and 57,587 families residing in the county.

At the 2010 census, 190,865 people, 65,356 households, and 39,390 families resided in the county. The majority of Clay County's population was located in the northeastern region, where large suburban communities have been built. Orange Park, Middleburg, and the surrounding area specifically have the majority of the population. Green Cove Springs area has the lower population spread west and south, along with the small city of Keystone Heights, which lies at the southwestern end of the county. Although the population of Clay County is relatively high, the majority of the county is still rural and consists of many farms connected by county roads. The population density was 234 inhabitants per square mile (90/km²). The 73,208 housing units averaged 89 per square mile (35/km²). The racial makeup of the county was 81.8% White, 9.9% Black or African American, 0.5% Native American, 2.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.1% from other races, and 2.9% from two or more races. About 7.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino, with Puerto Ricans being the majority of the Hispanic population.^[16] There were 50,243 households, 39.60% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 63.80% were married couples living together, 10.70% had a female householder with no husband present, and 21.60% were not families. Around 16.90% of households were one person and 5.50% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 2.77, and the average family size was 3.11.

The age distribution was 28.00% under the age of 18, 7.90% from 18 to 24, 30.30% from 25 to 44, 24.00% from 45 to 64, and 9.80% 65 or older. The median age was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 97.00 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.20 males.

The median income for a household was $48,854 and for a family was $53,814. Males had a median income of $36,683 versus $25,488 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,868. About 5.10% of families and 6.80% of the population were below the poverty line, including 8.90% of those under age 18 and 7.40% of those age 65 or over.

Government

Clay County's large population in unincorporated areas is served by the Clay County Sheriff's Office and Clay County Fire & Rescue. The current Sheriff, Michelle Cook (R), was elected in 2020.

Board of County Commissioners

Clay County's government is led by a five-member Board of County Commissioners, each elected from a single-member district. The county commission appoints a County Manager as chief administrative officer of the county. Howard Wannamaker currently serves as the County Manager. The current office holders are,

• District 1: Alexandra Compere (R)
• District 2: Wayne Bolla (R)
• District 3: Jim Renninger (R)
• District 4: Betsy Condon (R)
• District 5: Kristen Burke (R)

Politics

Voter registration

According to the Florida Department of State, Republicans account for a majority of registered voters in Clay County.

Statewide elections

Politically, Clay County is one of the most reliably Republican counties in the state during presidential elections outside of the Panhandle.

Museums

• Clay County Historical and Railroad Museum, Green Cove Springs
• Middleburg Historical Museum, Middleburg
• Black Heritage Museum, Middleburg
• Camp Blanding Museum, Camp Blanding

Education

The Clay County School District operates 42 public schools, with currently 28 elementary schools, five junior high schools, six high schools, and one junior/senior high school.

Libraries

The Clay County Public Library System consists of five branches:

• Green Cove Springs Library
• Headquarters Library (Fleming Island)
• Keystone Heights Library
• Middleburg-Clay Hill Library
• Orange Park Library

The first public library in Clay County was made up of a small collection established by the Village Improvement Association within the county.^[19] Other small libraries were established by other organizations within Clay County. In 1961, representatives from different women's organizations in the county started a movement to establish a library system within the county, and resulted in the Clay County Board of County Commissioners beginning to set aside funds to create the county library system.^[19] Due to their efforts, the first public library in Clay County was opened in 1961 in Green Cove Springs.^[19] The Green Cove Springs Library purchased a bookmobile in 1962 and began to provide outreach services to different areas within Clay County that same year.^[19] In 1962 two more public libraries opened in Clay County, the Keystone Heights Library and the Orange Park Library.^[19] A fire destroyed the Keystone Heights Library in February 1962.^[19] The Keystone Heights Library was relocated to a new building in Theme Park in 1964.^[19] The Headquarters Library in Green Cove Springs became open to the public in 1970 after a population boom caused the need for a new library.^[19] In 1976, the Orange Park Library moved to a larger location within the town of Orange Park.^[19] The population growth experienced in the county during the late 1970s necessitated the development of the Middleburg-Clay Hill Library, which first opened in a storefront in the late 1970s.^[19] The permanent facility for this library was completed and opened to the public in 1986.^[19]

Communities

Cities

• Green Cove Springs
• Keystone Heights

Towns

• Orange Park
• Penney Farms

Census-designated places

Other unincorporated communities