Kenya's pre-independence constitution was based on the standard "Lancaster House template" used for the former British colonies in Africa, subject to early amendments. It was replaced in 1969.
Under the Independence Constitution, the British monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, was the country's head of state, represented locally by a governor-general of Kenya, who was the head of government. In 1964, the year after the country gained independence from Britain, the 1963 Constitution was amended to make the country a republic, with the president now serving as both head of state and head of government.
Kenya has had a total of five presidents since independence, in successive order: Jomo Kenyatta, Daniel arap Moi, Mwai Kibaki, Uhuru Kenyatta, and the incumbent, William Ruto, who was inaugurated on 13 September 2022. Moi remains the country's longest serving president, having served for a total of 24 years.
Qualifications and election to office
According to the current Constitution, if a person wishes to be elected as president, the following qualifications must be met:
Should have been nominated by a political party to stand as its candidate for the presidency, or they may stand as an independent candidate; and
The person should have been nominated by more than two thousand voters from each of a majority of the country's 47 counties.[2]
A candidate will be disqualified to run for presidency if they have allegiance to a foreign state or is working for the government in any capacity as a public officer. Being a public officer is not applicable to the incumbent president if running for a second term.
The president is elected by popular vote in the general election held in the month of August every five years. For a presidential candidate to be declared the winner, they must have:
More than half of the total votes cast in the election; and
At least 25% of the votes cast in each of more than half of the 47 counties in the country.[3]
The official residence of the president of Kenya is State House, Nairobi.
Is the chairperson of the country's National Security Council.
Is a symbol of national unity.
The responsibilities of the president are summarised as follows:
Is responsible for addressing each newly elected Parliament and report once to special parliamentary seating concerning issues of national value and governance.
Holds nominating and appointing authority, with Parliament's approval, over the country's cabinet secretaries, attorney-general, principal secretaries, diplomatic and consular representatives and any other public officer over whom the Constitution grants said authority.
Is the chairperson of Cabinet meetings and oversees the running of operations in various ministries and government departments.[5]
The president may also undertake any other executive functions as permitted by the Constitution.
The president also exercises the power of mercy, whereupon the president may pardon a person convicted of an offence.
Additionally, a person serving as president has legal immunity, with the exception of crimes under treaties to which Kenya is party with provisions that prohibit such immunity.
As with most other countries, the president of Kenya has a presidential standard to signify their status as the country's head of state and government. Its design is generally based on the country's national flag, although the president has some leeway to customise its appearance. The flag is generally displayed in notable locations associated with the president, usually alongside the national flag, such as the president's offices and the president's official state car, and during notable state occasions.
The presidential standards of Kenya's presidents since the country's independence have been as follows:
First Presidential Standard of Kenya (1963–1970)
Presidential Standard of Jomo Kenyatta (1963–1978)
Presidential Standard of Daniel Arap Moi (1978–2002)
Presidential Standard of Mwai Kibaki (2002–2013)
Presidential Standard of Uhuru Kenyatta (2013–2022)
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