DeepMind Technologies Limited
Google DeepMind
Company typeSubsidiary
IndustryArtificial intelligence
Founded23 September 2010; 13 years ago (2010-09-23)[1]
Founders
HeadquartersLondon, England[2]
Key people
ProductsAlphaGo, AlphaStar, AlphaFold, AlphaZero
Number of employees
c. 2,000 (2023)[3]
ParentGoogle
Websitedeepmind.google
Part of a series on
Artificial intelligence
Major goals
Approaches
Applications
Philosophy
History
Glossary

DeepMind Technologies Limited,[4] doing business as Google DeepMind, is a British-American artificial intelligence research laboratory which serves as a subsidiary of Google. Founded in the UK in 2010, it was acquired by Google in 2014.[5] The company is based in London, with research centres in Canada,[6] France,[7] Germany, and the United States.

Google DeepMind has created neural network models that learn how to play video games in a fashion similar to that of humans,[8] as well as Neural Turing machines (neural networks that can access external memory like a conventional Turing machine),[9] resulting in a computer that loosely resembles short-term memory in the human brain.[10][11]

DeepMind made headlines in 2016 after its AlphaGo program beat a human professional Go player Lee Sedol, a world champion, in a five-game match, which was the subject of a documentary film.[12] A more general program, AlphaZero, beat the most powerful programs playing go, chess and shogi (Japanese chess) after a few days of play against itself using reinforcement learning.[13]

In 2020, DeepMind made significant advances in the problem of protein folding with AlphaFold.[14] In July 2022, it was announced that over 200 million predicted protein structures, representing virtually all known proteins, would be released on the AlphaFold database.[15][16]

DeepMind posted a blog post on 28 April 2022 on a single visual language model (VLM) named Flamingo that can accurately describe a picture of something with just a few training images.[17][18] In July 2022, DeepMind announced the development of DeepNash, a model-free multi-agent reinforcement learning system capable of playing the board game Stratego at the level of a human expert.[19] The company merged with Google AI's Google Brain division to become Google DeepMind in April 2023.

In November 2023, Google DeepMind announced an Open Source Graph Network for Materials Exploration (GNoME). The tool proposes millions of materials previously unknown to chemistry, including several hundred thousand stable crystalline structures, of which 736 had been experimentally produced by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, at the time of the release.[20][21]

History

The start-up was founded by Demis Hassabis, Shane Legg and Mustafa Suleyman in September 2010.[22][23] Hassabis and Legg first met at the Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit at University College London (UCL).[24]

Demis Hassabis has said that the start-up began working on artificial intelligence technology by teaching it how to play old games from the seventies and eighties, which are relatively primitive compared to the ones that are available today. Some of those games included Breakout, Pong and Space Invaders. AI was introduced to one game at a time, without any prior knowledge of its rules. After spending some time on learning the game, AI would eventually become an expert in it. “The cognitive processes which the AI goes through are said to be very like those of a human who had never seen the game would use to understand and attempt to master it.”[25] The goal of the founders is to create a general-purpose AI that can be useful and effective for almost anything.

Major venture capital firms Horizons Ventures and Founders Fund invested in the company,[26] as well as entrepreneurs Scott Banister,[27] Peter Thiel,[28] and Elon Musk.[29] Jaan Tallinn was an early investor and an adviser to the company.[30] On January 26, 2014, Google confirmed its acquisition of DeepMind for a price reportedly ranging between $400 million and $650 million.[31][32][33] and that it had agreed to take over DeepMind Technologies. The sale to Google took place after Facebook reportedly ended negotiations with DeepMind Technologies in 2013.[34] The company was afterwards renamed Google DeepMind and kept that name for about two years.[35]

In 2014, DeepMind received the "Company of the Year" award from Cambridge Computer Laboratory.[36]

Logo from 2015–2016
Logo from 2016–2019

In September 2015, DeepMind and the Royal Free NHS Trust signed their initial information sharing agreement to co-develop a clinical task management app, Streams.[37]

After Google's acquisition the company established an artificial intelligence ethics board.[38] The ethics board for AI research remains a mystery, with both Google and DeepMind declining to reveal who sits on the board.[39] DeepMind has opened a new unit called DeepMind Ethics and Society and focused on the ethical and societal questions raised by artificial intelligence featuring prominent philosopher Nick Bostrom as advisor.[40] In October 2017, DeepMind launched a new research team to investigate AI ethics.[41][42]

In December 2019, co-founder Suleyman announced he would be leaving DeepMind to join Google, working in a policy role.[43]

In April 2023, DeepMind merged with Google AI's Google Brain division to form Google DeepMind, as part of the company's continued efforts to accelerate work on AI in response to OpenAI's ChatGPT.[44] This marked the end of a years-long struggle from DeepMind executives to secure greater autonomy from Google.[45]

Products and technologies

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2023)

Google Research released a paper in 2016 regarding AI safety and avoiding undesirable behaviour during the AI learning process.[46] In 2017 DeepMind released GridWorld, an open-source testbed for evaluating whether an algorithm learns to disable its kill switch or otherwise exhibits certain undesirable behaviours.[47][48]

In July 2018, researchers from DeepMind trained one of its systems to play the computer game Quake III Arena.[49]

As of 2020, DeepMind has published over a thousand papers, including thirteen papers that were accepted by Nature or Science.[citation needed] DeepMind received media attention during the AlphaGo period; according to a LexisNexis search, 1842 published news stories mentioned DeepMind in 2016, declining to 1363 in 2019.[50]

Deep reinforcement learning

Unlike earlier AIs, such as IBM's Deep Blue or Watson, which were developed for a pre-defined purpose and only function within that scope, DeepMind's initial algorithms were intended to be general. They used reinforcement learning, an algorithm that learns from experience using only raw pixels as data input. Their initial approach used deep Q-learning with a convolutional neural network.[35][51] They tested the system on video games, notably early arcade games, such as Space Invaders or Breakout.[51][52] Without altering the code, the same AI was able to play certain games more efficiently than any human ever could.[52]

In 2013, DeepMind published research on an AI system that surpassed human abilities in games such as Pong, Breakout and Enduro, while surpassing state of the art performance on Seaquest, Beamrider, and Q*bert.[53][54] This work reportedly led to the company's acquisition by Google.[8] DeepMind's AI had been applied to video games made in the 1970s and 1980s; work was ongoing for more complex 3D games such as Quake, which first appeared in the 1990s.[52]

In 2020, DeepMind published Agent57,[55][56] an AI Agent which surpasses human level performance on all 57 games of the Atari 2600 suite.[57]

AlphaGo and successors

Main articles: AlphaGo, AlphaGo Zero, AlphaZero, MuZero, and AlphaTensor

In 2014, the company published research on computer systems that are able to play Go.[58]

In October 2015, a computer Go program called AlphaGo, developed by DeepMind, beat the European Go champion Fan Hui, a 2 dan (out of 9 dan possible) professional, five to zero.[59] This was the first time an artificial intelligence (AI) defeated a professional Go player.[60] Previously, computers were only known to have played Go at "amateur" level.[59][61] Go is considered much more difficult for computers to win compared to other games like chess, due to the much larger number of possibilities, making it prohibitively difficult for traditional AI methods such as brute-force.[59][61]

In March 2016 it beat Lee Sedol—a 9th dan Go player and one of the highest ranked players in the world—with a score of 4–1 in a five-game match.

In the 2017 Future of Go Summit, AlphaGo won a three-game match with Ke Jie, who at the time continuously held the world No. 1 ranking for two years.[62][63] It used a supervised learning protocol, studying large numbers of games played by humans against each other.[64]

In 2017, an improved version, AlphaGo Zero, defeated AlphaGo 100 games to 0. AlphaGo Zero's strategies were self-taught. AlphaGo Zero was able to beat its predecessor after just three days with less processing power than AlphaGo; in comparison, the original AlphaGo needed months to learn how to play.[65]

Later that year, AlphaZero, a modified version of AlphaGo Zero but for handling any two-player game of perfect information, gained superhuman abilities at chess and shogi. Like AlphaGo Zero, AlphaZero learned solely through self-play.

DeepMind researchers published a new model named MuZero that mastered the domains of Go, chess, shogi, and Atari 2600 games without human data, domain knowledge, or known rules.[66][67]

Researchers applied MuZero to solve the real world challenge of video compression with a set number of bits with respect to Internet traffic on sites such as YouTube, Twitch, and Google Meet. The goal of MuZero is to optimally compress the video so the quality of the video is maintained with a reduction in data. The final result using MuZero was a 6.28% average reduction in bitrate.[68][69]

In October 2022, DeepMind unveiled a new version of AlphaZero, called AlphaTensor, in a paper published in Nature.[70][71] The version discovered a faster way to perform matrix multiplication – one of the most fundamental tasks in computing – using reinforcement learning.[70][71] For example, AlphaTensor figured out how to multiply two mod-2 4x4 matrices in only 47 multiplications, unexpectedly beating the 1969 Strassen algorithm record of 49 multiplications.[72]

Technology

AlphaGo technology was developed based on the deep reinforcement learning approach. This makes AlphaGo different from the rest of AI technologies on the market. With that said, AlphaGo's ‘brain’ was introduced to various moves based on historical tournament data. The number of moves was increased gradually until it eventually processed over 30 million of them. The aim was to have the system mimic the human player and eventually become better. It played against itself and learned not only from its own defeats but wins as well; thus, it learned to improve itself over the time and increased its winning rate as a result.[citation needed]

AlphaGo used two deep neural networks: a policy network to evaluate move probabilities and a value network to assess positions. The policy network trained via supervised learning, and was subsequently refined by policy-gradient reinforcement learning. The value network learned to predict winners of games played by the policy network against itself. After training, these networks employed a lookahead Monte Carlo tree search (MCTS), using the policy network to identify candidate high-probability moves, while the value network (in conjunction with Monte Carlo rollouts using a fast rollout policy) evaluated tree positions.[73]

AlphaGo Zero was trained using reinforcement learning in which the system played millions of games against itself. Its only guide was to increase its win rate. It did so without learning from games played by humans. Its only input features are the black and white stones from the board. It uses a single neural network, rather than separate policy and value networks. Its simplified tree search relies upon this neural network to evaluate positions and sample moves. A new reinforcement learning algorithm incorporates lookahead search inside the training loop.[73] AlphaGo Zero employed around 15 people and millions in computing resources.[74] Ultimately, it needed much less computing power than AlphaGo, running on four specialized AI processors (Google TPUs), instead of AlphaGo's 48.[75]

AlphaFold

Main article: AlphaFold

In 2016, DeepMind turned its artificial intelligence to protein folding, a long-standing problem in molecular biology. In December 2018, DeepMind's AlphaFold won the 13th Critical Assessment of Techniques for Protein Structure Prediction (CASP) by successfully predicting the most accurate structure for 25 out of 43 proteins. “This is a lighthouse project, our first major investment in terms of people and resources into a fundamental, very important, real-world scientific problem,” Hassabis said to The Guardian.[76] In 2020, in the 14th CASP, AlphaFold's predictions achieved an accuracy score regarded as comparable with lab techniques. Dr Andriy Kryshtafovych, one of the panel of scientific adjudicators, described the achievement as "truly remarkable", and said the problem of predicting how proteins fold had been "largely solved".[77][78][79]

In July 2021, the open-source RoseTTAFold and AlphaFold2 were released to allow scientists to run their own versions of the tools. A week later DeepMind announced that AlphaFold had completed its prediction of nearly all human proteins as well as the entire proteomes of 20 other widely studied organisms.[80] The structures were released on the AlphaFold Protein Structure Database. In July 2022, it was announced that the predictions of over 200 million proteins, representing virtually all known proteins, would be released on the AlphaFold database.[15][16]

WaveNet and WaveRNN

Main article: WaveNet

In 2016, DeepMind introduced WaveNet, a text-to-speech system. It was originally too computationally intensive for use in consumer products, but in late 2017 it became ready for use in consumer applications such as Google Assistant.[81][82] In 2018 Google launched a commercial text-to-speech product, Cloud Text-to-Speech, based on WaveNet.[83][84]

In 2018, DeepMind introduced a more efficient model called WaveRNN co-developed with Google AI.[85][86] In 2020 WaveNetEQ, a packet loss concealment method based on a WaveRNN architecture, was presented.[87] In 2019, Google started to roll WaveRNN with WavenetEQ out to Google Duo users.[88]

AlphaStar

Main article: AlphaStar (software)

In 2016, Hassabis discussed the game StarCraft as a future challenge, since it requires strategic thinking and handling imperfect information.[89]

In January 2019, DeepMind introduced AlphaStar, a program playing the real-time strategy game StarCraft II. AlphaStar used reinforcement learning based on replays from human players, and then played against itself to enhance its skills. At the time of the presentation, AlphaStar had knowledge equivalent to 200 years of playing time. It won 10 consecutive matches against two professional players, although it had the unfair advantage of being able to see the entire field, unlike a human player who has to move the camera manually. A preliminary version in which that advantage was fixed lost a subsequent match.[90]

In July 2019, AlphaStar began playing against random humans on the public 1v1 European multiplayer ladder. Unlike the first iteration of AlphaStar, which played only Protoss v. Protoss, this one played as all of the game's races, and had earlier unfair advantages fixed.[91][92] By October 2019, AlphaStar had reached Grandmaster level on the StarCraft II ladder on all three StarCraft races, becoming the first AI to reach the top league of a widely popular esport without any game restrictions.[93]

AlphaCode

In 2022, DeepMind unveiled AlphaCode, an AI-powered coding engine that creates computer programs at a rate comparable to that of an average programmer, with the company testing the system against coding challenges created by Codeforces utilized in human competitive programming competitions.[94] AlphaCode earned a rank equivalent to 54% of the median score on Codeforces after being trained on GitHub data and Codeforce problems and solutions. The program was required to come up with a unique solution and stopped from duplicating answers.

Gato

Main article: Gato (DeepMind)

Gato is a "generalist agent" that learns multiple tasks simultaneously.

RoboCat

This section is empty. You can help by adding to it. (June 2023)

Miscellaneous contributions to Google

Google has stated that DeepMind algorithms have greatly increased the efficiency of cooling its data centers by automatically balancing the cost of hardware failures against the cost of cooling.[95] In addition, DeepMind (alongside other Alphabet AI researchers) assists Google Play's personalized app recommendations.[83] DeepMind has also collaborated with the Android team at Google for the creation of two new features which were made available to people with devices running Android Pie, the ninth installment of Google's mobile operating system. These features, Adaptive Battery and Adaptive Brightness, use machine learning to conserve energy and make devices running the operating system easier to use. It is the first time DeepMind has used these techniques on such a small scale, with typical machine learning applications requiring orders of magnitude more computing power.[96]

Sports

DeepMind researchers have applied machine learning models to the sport of football, often referred to as soccer in North America, modelling the behaviour of football players, including the goalkeeper, defenders, and strikers during different scenarios such as penalty kicks. The researchers used heat maps and cluster analysis to organize players based on their tendency to behave a certain way during the game when confronted with a decision on how to score or prevent the other team from scoring.

The researchers mention that machine learning models could be used to democratize the football industry by automatically selecting interesting video clips of the game that serve as highlights. This can be done by searching videos for certain events, which is possible because video analysis is an established field of machine learning. This is also possible because of extensive sports analytics based on data including annotated passes or shots, sensors that capture data about the players movements many times over the course of a game, and game theory models.[97][98]

Archaeology

Google has unveiled a new archaeology document program named Ithaca after the home island of mythical hero Odysseus.[citation needed] The deep neural network helps researchers restore the empty text of damaged documents, identify the place they originated from, and give them a definite accurate date.[citation needed] The work builds on another text analysis network named Pythia.[99] Ithaca achieves 62% accuracy in restoring damaged texts and 71% location accuracy, and has a dating precision of 30 years.[citation needed] The tool has already been used by historians and ancient Greek archaeologists to make new discoveries in ancient Greek history.[citation needed] The team is working on extending the model to other ancient languages, including Demotic, Akkadian, Hebrew, and Mayan.[100]

Sparrow

Sparrow is an artificial intelligence-powered chatbot developed by DeepMind to build safer machine learning systems by using a mix of human feedback and Google search suggestions.[101]

Chinchilla AI

Chinchilla AI is a language model developed by DeepMind.[102]

Gemini

Gemini is a multimodal large language model which was released on December 6, 2023.[103] It is the successor of Google's LaMDA and PaLM 2 language models and sought to challenge OpenAI's GPT-4.[104] As of January 2024, Gemini Pro is preferred over GPT-4 in only about 22% of blind human evaluations.[105]

Gemma

Gemma is a family of lightweight, open source, large language models which was released on February 21, 2024. It's available in two distinct sizes: a 7 billion parameter model optimized for GPU and TPU usage, and a 2 billion parameter model designed for CPU and on-device applications. Gemma models were trained on up to 6 trillion tokens of text, employing similar architectures, datasets, and training methodologies as the Gemini model family.[106]

SIMA

In March 2024, DeepMind introduced Scalable Instructable Multiword Agent, or SIMA, an AI agent capable of understanding and following natural language instructions to complete tasks across various 3D virtual environments. Trained on nine video games from eight studios and four research environments, SIMA demonstrated adaptability to new tasks and settings without requiring access to game source code or APIs. The agent comprises pre-trained computer vision and language models fine-tuned on gaming data, with language being crucial for understanding and completing given tasks as instructed. DeepMind's research aimed to develop more helpful AI agents by translating advanced AI capabilities into real-world actions through a language interface.[107][108]

DeepMind Health

In July 2016, a collaboration between DeepMind and Moorfields Eye Hospital was announced to develop AI applications for healthcare.[109] DeepMind would be applied to the analysis of anonymised eye scans, searching for early signs of diseases leading to blindness.

In August 2016, a research programme with University College London Hospital was announced with the aim of developing an algorithm that can automatically differentiate between healthy and cancerous tissues in head and neck areas.[110]

There are also projects with the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust and Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust to develop new clinical mobile apps linked to electronic patient records.[111] Staff at the Royal Free Hospital were reported as saying in December 2017 that access to patient data through the app had saved a ‘huge amount of time’ and made a ‘phenomenal’ difference to the management of patients with acute kidney injury. Test result data is sent to staff's mobile phones and alerts them to changes in the patient's condition. It also enables staff to see if someone else has responded, and to show patients their results in visual form.[112][unreliable source?]

In November 2017, DeepMind announced a research partnership with the Cancer Research UK Centre at Imperial College London with the goal of improving breast cancer detection by applying machine learning to mammography.[113] Additionally, in February 2018, DeepMind announced it was working with the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs in an attempt to use machine learning to predict the onset of acute kidney injury in patients, and also more broadly the general deterioration of patients during a hospital stay so that doctors and nurses can more quickly treat patients in need.[114]

DeepMind developed an app called Streams, which sends alerts to doctors about patients at risk of acute kidney injury.[115] On 13 November 2018, DeepMind announced that its health division and the Streams app would be absorbed into Google Health.[116] Privacy advocates said the announcement betrayed patient trust and appeared to contradict previous statements by DeepMind that patient data would not be connected to Google accounts or services.[117][118] A spokesman for DeepMind said that patient data would still be kept separate from Google services or projects.[119]

NHS data-sharing controversy

In April 2016, New Scientist obtained a copy of a data sharing agreement between DeepMind and the Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust. The latter operates three London hospitals where an estimated 1.6 million patients are treated annually. The agreement shows DeepMind Health had access to admissions, discharge and transfer data, accident and emergency, pathology and radiology, and critical care at these hospitals. This included personal details such as whether patients had been diagnosed with HIV, suffered from depression or had ever undergone an abortion in order to conduct research to seek better outcomes in various health conditions.[120][121]

A complaint was filed to the Information Commissioner's Office (ICO), arguing that the data should be pseudonymised and encrypted.[122] In May 2016, New Scientist published a further article claiming that the project had failed to secure approval from the Confidentiality Advisory Group of the Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency.[123]

In 2017, the ICO concluded a year-long investigation that focused on how the Royal Free NHS Foundation Trust tested the app, Streams, in late 2015 and 2016.[124] The ICO found that the Royal Free failed to comply with the Data Protection Act when it provided patient details to DeepMind, and found several shortcomings in how the data was handled, including that patients were not adequately informed that their data would be used as part of the test. DeepMind published its thoughts[125] on the investigation in July 2017, saying “we need to do better” and highlighting several activities and initiatives they had initiated for transparency, oversight and engagement. This included developing a patient and public involvement strategy[126] and being transparent in its partnerships.

In May 2017, Sky News published a leaked letter from the National Data Guardian, Dame Fiona Caldicott, revealing that in her "considered opinion" the data-sharing agreement between DeepMind and the Royal Free took place on an "inappropriate legal basis".[127] The Information Commissioner's Office ruled in July 2017 that the Royal Free hospital failed to comply with the Data Protection Act when it handed over personal data of 1.6 million patients to DeepMind.[128]

DeepMind Ethics and Society

In October 2017, DeepMind announced a new research unit, DeepMind Ethics & Society.[129] Their goal is to fund external research of the following themes: privacy, transparency, and fairness; economic impacts; governance and accountability; managing AI risk; AI morality and values; and how AI can address the world's challenges. As a result, the team hopes to further understand the ethical implications of AI and aid society to seeing AI can be beneficial.[130]

This new subdivision of DeepMind is a completely separate unit from the partnership of leading companies using AI, academia, civil society organizations and nonprofits of the name Partnership on Artificial Intelligence to Benefit People and Society of which DeepMind is also a part.[131] The DeepMind Ethics and Society board is also distinct from the mooted AI Ethics Board that Google originally agreed to form when acquiring DeepMind.[132]

DeepMind Professors of machine learning

DeepMind sponsors three chairs of machine learning:

  1. At the University of Cambridge, held by Neil Lawrence,[133] in the Department of Computer Science and Technology,
  2. At the University of Oxford, held by Michael Bronstein,[134] in the Department of Computer Science, and
  3. At the University College London, held by Marc Deisenroth,[135] in the Department of Computer Science.

See also

References

  1. ^ "DeepMind Technologies Limited – Overview (free company information from Companies House)". Companies House. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  2. ^ "King's Cross - S2 Building - SES Engineering Services". www.ses-ltd.co.uk. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
  3. ^ Efrati, Amir (11 October 2023). "DeepMind Cut 20% of Its Expenses Before Merging with Google". The Information. Archived from the original on 12 October 2023.
  4. ^ "DEEPMIND TECHNOLOGIES LIMITED overview - Find and update company information - GOV.UK". Companies House. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  5. ^ Bray, Chad (27 January 2014). "Google Acquires British Artificial Intelligence Developer". DealBook. Retrieved 4 November 2019.
  6. ^ "About Us | DeepMind". DeepMind.
  7. ^ "A return to Paris | DeepMind". DeepMind.
  8. ^ a b "The Last AI Breakthrough DeepMind Made Before Google Bought It". The Physics arXiv Blog. 29 January 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  9. ^ Graves, Alex; Wayne, Greg; Danihelka, Ivo (2014). "Neural Turing Machines". arXiv:1410.5401 [cs.NE].
  10. ^ Best of 2014: Google's Secretive DeepMind Startup Unveils a "Neural Turing Machine" Archived 4 December 2015 at the Wayback Machine, MIT Technology Review
  11. ^ Graves, Alex; Wayne, Greg; Reynolds, Malcolm; Harley, Tim; Danihelka, Ivo; Grabska-Barwińska, Agnieszka; Colmenarejo, Sergio Gómez; Grefenstette, Edward; Ramalho, Tiago (12 October 2016). "Hybrid computing using a neural network with dynamic external memory". Nature. 538 (7626): 471–476. Bibcode:2016Natur.538..471G. doi:10.1038/nature20101. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 27732574. S2CID 205251479.
  12. ^ Kohs, Greg (29 September 2017), AlphaGo, Ioannis Antonoglou, Lucas Baker, Nick Bostrom, retrieved 9 January 2018
  13. ^ Silver, David; Hubert, Thomas; Schrittwieser, Julian; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Lai, Matthew; Guez, Arthur; Lanctot, Marc; Sifre, Laurent; Kumaran, Dharshan; Graepel, Thore; Lillicrap, Timothy; Simonyan, Karen; Hassabis, Demis (5 December 2017). "Mastering Chess and Shogi by Self-Play with a General Reinforcement Learning Algorithm". arXiv:1712.01815 [cs.AI].
  14. ^ Callaway, Ewen (30 November 2020). "'It will change everything': DeepMind's AI makes gigantic leap in solving protein structures". Nature. Retrieved 31 August 2021.
  15. ^ a b Geddes, Linda (28 July 2022). "DeepMind uncovers structure of 200m proteins in scientific leap forward". The Guardian.
  16. ^ a b "AlphaFold reveals the structure of the protein universe". DeepMind. 28 July 2022.
  17. ^ "Tackling multiple tasks with a single visual language model". www.deepmind.com. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  18. ^ Alayrac, Jean-Baptiste (2022). "Flamingo: a Visual Language Model for Few-Shot Learning" (PDF). arXiv:2204.14198.
  19. ^ "Deepmind AI Researchers Introduce 'DeepNash', An Autonomous Agent Trained With Model-Free Multiagent Reinforcement Learning That Learns To Play The Game Of Stratego At Expert Level". MarkTechPost. 9 July 2022.
  20. ^ Merchant, Amil; Batzner, Simon; Schoenholz, Samuel S.; Aykol, Muratahan; Cheon, Gowoon; Cubuk, Ekin Dogus (December 2023). "Scaling deep learning for materials discovery". Nature. 624 (7990): 80–85. doi:10.1038/s41586-023-06735-9. ISSN 1476-4687. PMC 10700131.
  21. ^ "Google DeepMind's new AI tool helped create more than 700 new materials". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 2 January 2024.
  22. ^ "Google Buys U.K. Artificial Intelligence Company DeepMind". Bloomberg. 27 January 2014. Archived from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.((cite news)): CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  23. ^ "Google makes £400m move in quest for artificial intelligence". Financial Times. 27 January 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  24. ^ "Demis Hassabis: 15 facts about the DeepMind Technologies founder". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  25. ^ Marr, Bernard. "How Google's Amazing AI Start-Up 'DeepMind' Is Making Our World A Smarter Place". Forbes. Retrieved 30 June 2018.
  26. ^ Cookson, Robert (27 January 2014). "DeepMind buy heralds rise of the machines". Financial Times. Retrieved 14 October 2014.
  27. ^ "DeepMind Technologies Investors". Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  28. ^ Shead, Sam. "How DeepMind convinced billionaire Peter Thiel to invest without moving the company to Silicon Valley". Business Insider.
  29. ^ Rowan, David (22 June 2015). "DeepMind: inside Google's super-brain". Wired UK. Archived from the original on 3 September 2023.
  30. ^ "Recode.net – DeepMind Technologies Acquisition". 26 January 2014. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  31. ^ "Google to buy artificial intelligence company DeepMind". Reuters. 26 January 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  32. ^ "Google Acquires UK AI startup Deepmind". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  33. ^ "Report of Acquisition, TechCrunch". TechCrunch. Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  34. ^ "Google beats Facebook for Acquisition of DeepMind Technologies". Retrieved 27 January 2014.
  35. ^ a b Mnih, Volodymyr; Kavukcuoglu, Koray; Silver, David (26 February 2015). "Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning". Nature. 518 (7540): 529–33. Bibcode:2015Natur.518..529M. doi:10.1038/nature14236. PMID 25719670. S2CID 205242740.
  36. ^ "Hall of Fame Awards: To celebrate the success of companies founded by Computer Laboratory graduates". University of Cambridge. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  37. ^ Lomas, Natasha. "Documents detail DeepMind's plan to apply AI to NHS data in 2015". TechCrunch. Retrieved 26 September 2017.
  38. ^ "Inside Google's Mysterious Ethics Board". Forbes. 3 February 2014. Retrieved 12 October 2014.
  39. ^ Ramesh, Randeep (4 May 2016). "Google's DeepMind shouldn't suck up our NHS records in secret". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 13 October 2016. Retrieved 19 October 2016.
  40. ^ Hern, Alex (4 October 2017). "DeepMind announces ethics group to focus on problems of AI". The Guardian – via www.theguardian.com.
  41. ^ "DeepMind has launched a new 'ethics and society' research team". Business Insider. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  42. ^ "DeepMind launches new research team to investigate AI ethics". The Verge. Retrieved 25 October 2017.
  43. ^ Madhumita Murgia, "DeepMind co-founder leaves for policy role at Google", Financial Times, 5 December 2019
  44. ^ Roth, Emma; Peters, Jay (20 April 2023). "Google's big AI push will combine Brain and DeepMind into one team". The Verge. Archived from the original on 20 April 2023. Retrieved 21 April 2023.
  45. ^ Olson, Parmy (21 May 2023). "Google Unit DeepMind Tried—and Failed—to Win AI Autonomy From Parent". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 21 May 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  46. ^ Amodei, Dario; Olah, Chris; Steinhardt, Jacob; Christiano, Paul; Schulman, John; Mané, Dan (21 June 2016). "Concrete Problems in AI Safety". arXiv:1606.06565 [cs.AI].
  47. ^ "DeepMind Has Simple Tests That Might Prevent Elon Musk's AI Apocalypse". Bloomberg.com. 11 December 2017. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  48. ^ "Alphabet's DeepMind Is Using Games to Discover If Artificial Intelligence Can Break Free and Kill Us All". Fortune. Retrieved 8 January 2018.
  49. ^ "DeepMind AI’s new trick is playing ‘Quake III Arena’ like a human". Engadget. 3 July 2018.
  50. ^ Shead, Sam (5 June 2020). "Why the buzz around DeepMind is dissipating as it transitions from games to science". CNBC. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  51. ^ a b Mnih, Volodymyr; Kavukcuoglu, Koray; Silver, David; Graves, Alex; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Wierstra, Daan; Riedmiller, Martin (12 December 2013). "Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning". arXiv:1312.5602 [cs.LG].
  52. ^ a b c Deepmind artificial intelligence @ FDOT14. 19 April 2014.
  53. ^ "A look back at some of AI's biggest video game wins in 2018". VentureBeat. 29 December 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2019.
  54. ^ Mnih, Volodymyr; Kavukcuoglu, Koray; Silver, David; Graves, Alex; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Wierstra, Daan; Riedmiller, Martin (19 December 2013). "Playing Atari with Deep Reinforcement Learning". arXiv:1312.5602 [cs.LG].
  55. ^ Adrià Puigdomènech Badia; Piot, Bilal; Kapturowski, Steven; Sprechmann, Pablo; Vitvitskyi, Alex; Guo, Daniel; Blundell, Charles (30 March 2020). "Agent57: Outperforming the Atari Human Benchmark". arXiv:2003.13350 [cs.LG].
  56. ^ "Agent57: Outperforming the Atari Human Benchmark". DeepMind. 31 March 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2020.
  57. ^ Linder, Courtney (2 April 2020). "This AI Can Beat Humans At All 57 Atari Games". Popular Mechanics. Retrieved 9 June 2020.
  58. ^ Huang, Shih-Chieh; Müller, Martin (12 July 2014). Investigating the Limits of Monte-Carlo Tree Search Methods in Computer Go. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. 8427. Springer. pp. 39–48. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.500.1701. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-09165-5_4. ISBN 978-3-319-09164-8.
  59. ^ a b c "Google achieves AI 'breakthrough' by beating Go champion". BBC News. 27 January 2016.
  60. ^ "Première défaite d'un professionnel du go contre une intelligence artificielle". Le Monde (in French). 27 January 2016.
  61. ^ a b "Research Blog: AlphaGo: Mastering the ancient game of Go with Machine Learning". Google Research Blog. 27 January 2016.
  62. ^ "World's Go Player Ratings". May 2017.
  63. ^ "柯洁迎19岁生日 雄踞人类世界排名第一已两年" (in Chinese). May 2017.
  64. ^ "The latest AI can work things out without being taught". The Economist. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  65. ^ Cellan-Jones, Rory (18 October 2017). "Google DeepMind: AI becomes more alien". BBC News. Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  66. ^ "MuZero: Mastering Go, chess, shogi and Atari without rules". www.deepmind.com. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  67. ^ Schrittwieser, Julian; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Hubert, Thomas; Simonyan, Karen; Sifre, Laurent; Schmitt, Simon; Guez, Arthur; Lockhart, Edward; Hassabis, Demis; Graepel, Thore; Lillicrap, Timothy (23 December 2020). "Mastering Atari, Go, chess and shogi by planning with a learned model". Nature. 588 (7839): 604–609. arXiv:1911.08265. Bibcode:2020Natur.588..604S. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-03051-4. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 33361790. S2CID 208158225.
  68. ^ "MuZero's first step from research into the real world". www.deepmind.com. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  69. ^ Mandhane, Amol; Zhernov, Anton; Rauh, Maribeth; Gu, Chenjie; Wang, Miaosen; Xue, Flora; Shang, Wendy; Pang, Derek; Claus, Rene; Chiang, Ching-Han; Chen, Cheng (14 February 2022). "MuZero with Self-competition for Rate Control in VP9 Video Compression". arXiv:2202.06626 [eess.IV].
  70. ^ a b Hutson, Matthew (5 October 2022). "DeepMind AI invents faster algorithms to solve tough maths puzzles". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-03166-w. PMID 36198824. S2CID 252737506.
  71. ^ a b Heaven, Will Douglas (5 October 2022). "DeepMind's game-playing AI has beaten a 50-year-old record in computer science". MIT Technology Review.
  72. ^ "AI Reveals New Possibilities in Matrix Multiplication". Quanta Magazine. November 2022. Retrieved 26 November 2022.
  73. ^ a b Silver, David; Schrittwieser, Julian; Simonyan, Karen; Antonoglou, Ioannis; Huang, Aja; Guez, Arthur; Hubert, Thomas; Baker, Lucas; Lai, Matthew; Bolton, Adrian; Chen, Yutian; Lillicrap, Timothy; Fan, Hui; Sifre, Laurent; Driessche, George van den; Graepel, Thore; Hassabis, Demis (19 October 2017). "Mastering the game of Go without human knowledge" (PDF). Nature. 550 (7676): 354–359. Bibcode:2017Natur.550..354S. doi:10.1038/nature24270. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 29052630. S2CID 205261034.Closed access icon
  74. ^ Knight, Will. "The world's smartest game-playing AI—DeepMind's AlphaGo—just got way smarter". MIT Technology Review. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  75. ^ Vincent, James (18 October 2017). "DeepMind's Go-playing AI doesn't need human help to beat us anymore". The Verge. Retrieved 19 October 2017.
  76. ^ Sample, Ian (2 December 2018). "Google's DeepMind predicts 3D shapes of proteins". The Guardian. Retrieved 3 December 2018.
  77. ^ Briggs, Helen (30 November 2020). "One of biology's biggest mysteries 'largely solved' by AI". BBC News. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  78. ^ "AlphaFold: a solution to a 50-year-old grand challenge in biology". DeepMind. 30 November 2020. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  79. ^ Shead, Sam (30 November 2020). "DeepMind solves 50-year-old 'grand challenge' with protein folding A.I." cnbc.com. Retrieved 30 November 2020.
  80. ^ Callaway, Ewen (2022). "What's next for AlphaFold and the AI protein-folding revolution". Nature. 604 (7905): 234–238. Bibcode:2022Natur.604..234C. doi:10.1038/d41586-022-00997-5. PMID 35418629. S2CID 248156195.
  81. ^ "Here's Why Google's Assistant Sounds More Realistic Than Ever Before". Fortune. 5 October 2017. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  82. ^ Gershgorn, Dave. "Google's voice-generating AI is now indistinguishable from humans". Quartz. Retrieved 20 January 2018.
  83. ^ a b Novet, Jordan (31 March 2018). "Google is finding ways to make money from Alphabet's DeepMind A.I. technology". CNBC. Retrieved 3 April 2018.
  84. ^ "Introducing Cloud Text-to-Speech powered by DeepMind WaveNet technology". Google Cloud Platform Blog. Retrieved 5 April 2018.
  85. ^ "Efficient Neural Audio Synthesis". Deepmind. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  86. ^ "Using WaveNet technology to reunite speech-impaired users with their original voices". Deepmind. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  87. ^ Stimberg, Florian; Narest, Alex; Bazzica, Alessio; Kolmodin, Lennart; Barrera Gonzalez, Pablo; Sharonova, Olga; Lundin, Henrik; Walters, Thomas C. (1 November 2020). "WaveNetEQ — Packet Loss Concealment with WaveRNN". 2020 54th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers. IEEE. pp. 672–676. doi:10.1109/ieeeconf51394.2020.9443419. ISBN 978-0-7381-3126-9.
  88. ^ "Improving Audio Quality in Duo with WaveNetEQ". Google AI Blog. April 2020. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
  89. ^ "DeepMind founder Demis Hassabis on how AI will shape the future". The Verge. 10 March 2016.
  90. ^ "DeepMind AI Challenges Pro StarCraft II Players, Wins Almost Every Match". Extreme Tech. 24 January 2019. Retrieved 24 January 2019.
  91. ^ Amadeo, Ron (11 July 2019). "DeepMind AI is secretly lurking on the public StarCraft II 1v1 ladder". Ars Technica. Retrieved 18 September 2019.
  92. ^ "I played against AlphaStar/Deepmind". reddit. 23 July 2019. Retrieved 27 July 2019.
  93. ^ "AlphaStar: Grandmaster level in StarCraft II using multi-agent reinforcement learning". DeepMind Blog. 31 October 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  94. ^ Vincent, James (2 February 2022). "DeepMind says its new AI coding engine is as good as an average human programmer". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.
  95. ^ "DeepMind AI Reduces Google Data Centre Cooling Bill by 40%". DeepMind Blog. 20 July 2016.
  96. ^ "DeepMind, meet Android | DeepMind". DeepMind Blog. 8 May 2018.
  97. ^ "Advancing sports analytics through AI research". www.deepmind.com. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  98. ^ Tuyls, Karl; Omidshafiei, Shayegan; Muller, Paul; Wang, Zhe; Connor, Jerome; Hennes, Daniel; Graham, Ian; Spearman, William; Waskett, Tim; Steel, Dafydd; Luc, Pauline (6 May 2021). "Game Plan: What AI can do for Football, and What Football can do for AI". Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research. 71: 41–88. arXiv:2011.09192. doi:10.1613/jair.1.12505. ISSN 1076-9757. S2CID 227013043.
  99. ^ "Restoring ancient text using deep learning: a case study on Greek epigraphy". www.deepmind.com. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  100. ^ "Predicting the past with Ithaca". www.deepmind.com. Retrieved 29 April 2022.
  101. ^ Gupta, Khushboo (28 September 2022). "Deepmind Introduces 'Sparrow,' An Artificial Intelligence-Powered Chatbot Developed To Build Safer Machine Learning Systems". Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  102. ^ "What Is Chinchilla AI: Chatbot Language Model Rival By Deepmind To GPT-3 - Dataconomy". 12 January 2023. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  103. ^ Kruppa, Miles (6 December 2023). "Google Announces AI System Gemini After Turmoil at Rival OpenAI". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Archived from the original on 6 December 2023. Retrieved 6 December 2023.
  104. ^ Knight, Will (26 June 2023). "Google DeepMind's CEO Says Its Next Algorithm Will Eclipse ChatGPT". Wired. Archived from the original on 26 June 2023. Retrieved 21 August 2023.
  105. ^ "LMSYS Chatbot Arena Leaderboard". Hugging Face. Archived from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  106. ^ "Gemma: Introducing new state-of-the-art open models". Google. 21 February 2024. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  107. ^ "A generalist AI agent for 3D virtual environments". Google DeepMind. 13 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  108. ^ David, Emilia (13 March 2024). "Google's new AI will play video games with you — but not to win". The Verge. Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  109. ^ Baraniuk, Chris (6 July 2016). "Google's DeepMind to peek at NHS eye scans for disease analysis". BBC. Retrieved 6 July 2016.
  110. ^ Baraniuk, Chris (31 August 2016). "Google DeepMind targets NHS head and neck cancer treatment". BBC. Retrieved 5 September 2016.
  111. ^ "DeepMind announces second NHS partnership". IT Pro. 23 December 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2016.
  112. ^ "Google DeepMind's Streams technology branded 'phenomenal'". Digital Health. 4 December 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  113. ^ "Google DeepMind announces new research partnership to fight breast cancer with AI". Silicon Angle. 24 November 2017.
  114. ^ "Google's DeepMind wants AI to spot kidney injuries". Venture Beat. 22 February 2018.
  115. ^ Evenstad, Lis (15 June 2018). "DeepMind Health must be transparent to gain public trust, review finds". ComputerWeekly.com. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  116. ^ Vincent, James (13 November 2018). "Google is absorbing DeepMind's health care unit to create an 'AI assistant for nurses and doctors'". The Verge. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  117. ^ Hern, Alex (14 November 2018). "Google 'betrays patient trust' with DeepMind Health move". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  118. ^ Stokel-Walker, Chris (14 November 2018). "Why Google consuming DeepMind Health is scaring privacy experts". Wired. Retrieved 15 November 2018.
  119. ^ Murphy, Margi (14 November 2018). "DeepMind boss defends controversial Google health deal". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  120. ^ Hodson, Hal (29 April 2016). "Revealed: Google AI has access to huge haul of NHS patient data". New Scientist.
  121. ^ "Leader: If Google has nothing to hide about NHS data, why so secretive?". New Scientist. 4 May 2016.
  122. ^ Donnelly, Caroline (12 May 2016). "ICO probes Google DeepMind patient data-sharing deal with NHS Hospital Trust". Computer Weekly.
  123. ^ Hodson, Hal (25 May 2016). "Did Google's NHS patient data deal need ethical approval?". New Scientist. Retrieved 28 May 2016.
  124. ^ "Royal Free - Google DeepMind trial failed to comply with data protection law". ico.org.uk. 17 August 2017. Archived from the original on 16 June 2018. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  125. ^ "The Information Commissioner, the Royal Free, and what we've learned | DeepMind". DeepMind. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  126. ^ "For Patients | DeepMind". DeepMind. Retrieved 15 February 2018.
  127. ^ Martin, Alexander J (15 May 2017). "Google received 1.6 million NHS patients' data on an 'inappropriate legal basis'". Sky News. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  128. ^ Hern, Alex (3 July 2017). "Royal Free breached UK data law in 1.6m patient deal with Google's DeepMind". The Guardian.
  129. ^ "Why we launched DeepMind Ethics & Society". DeepMind Blog. Retrieved 25 March 2018.
  130. ^ Temperton, James. "DeepMind's new AI ethics unit is the company's next big move". Wired (UK). Retrieved 3 December 2017.
  131. ^ Hern, Alex (4 October 2017). "DeepMind announces ethics group to focus on problems of AI". The Guardian. Retrieved 8 December 2017.
  132. ^ Hern, Alex (4 October 2017). "DeepMind announces ethics group to focus on problems of AI". The Guardian. Retrieved 12 June 2020.
  133. ^ "Cambridge appoints first DeepMind Professor of Machine Learning". University of Cambridge. 18 September 2019.
  134. ^ "DeepMind funds new post at Oxford University – the DeepMind Professorship of Artificial Intelligence". Department of Computer Science.
  135. ^ "DeepMind renews its commitment to UCL". University College London. 29 March 2021.

External links

Google AI
Google
Differentiable computing
Existential risk from artificial intelligence
Authority control databases
Categories