stdio.h	iostream.h
row 2, cell 1	row 2, cell 2

Interesting Articles

Metalworking

v t e Casting
Processes	Centrifugal Continuous Die Evaporative-pattern Full mold Lost foam Investment (Lost wax) Permanent mold Plaster mold Sand Semi-solid metal Shaw process Shell molding Spin
Components	Chill Cope and drag Core Flask Molding sand Pattern Riser Sprue
Terminology	Casting defects Draft Dross Foundry Ingot Semi-finished casting products Slag

v t e Forming, fabrication, and finishing
General	Fabrication Piece work Sheet metal
Forming processes	Coining Casting (metalworking) Drawing Electrohydraulic forming Electromagnetic forming Explosive forming Extrusion Forging Hydroforming Stamping Press hardening Progressive stamping Punching Rolling Sinking Spinning Swaging Tube bending
Joining processes	Brazing Crimping Riveting Soldering Welding
Finishing processes	Anodizing Galvanizing Heat treating Mass finishing Patination Peening Plating Polishing

v t e Machining and computing
Computer-aided engineering	2.5D CAD CAM G-code Numerical control (NC and CNC) Stewart platform
Drilling and threading	Die head Drill Drill bit Drill bit shank Drill bit sizes Drilling List of drill and tap sizes Tap and die Tap wrench Threading
Grinding and lapping	Abrasive Abrasive machining Angle grinder Bench grinder Coated abrasive Cylindrical grinder Diamond plate Flick grinder Grinding Grinding dresser Grinding machine Grinding wheel Jig grinder Lapping Sanding Sharpening stone Spark testing Surface grinder Tool and cutter grinder
Machining	Boring Broaching Electrical discharge machining Electrochemical machining Electron-beam machining End mill Engraving Facing Hobbing Jig borer Machine tool Machining Metal lathe Milling Milling cutter Pantograph Photochemical machining Planer Reamer Rotary transfer machine Shaper Skiving Turning Ultrasonic machining
Machine tools	Angle plate Chuck Collet Fixture Indexing head Jig Lathe center Machine taper Magnetic switchable device Mandrel Rotary table Wiggler
Terminology	Cutting fluid Machining vibrations Speeds and feeds Swarf Tolerance Tool and die making Tramp oil Workpiece

v t e Smithing
Smiths	Blacksmith Bladesmith Coppersmith Goldsmith Gunsmith Locksmith Pewtersmith Silversmith Tinsmith Whitesmith
Processes	Forging Pattern welding Planishing Raising Sinking Swaging
Tools	Anvil Forge Fuller Hammer Hardy tools Pritchel Steam hammer Swage block Trip hammer

v t e Metalworking tools
Cutting machines	Bandsaw Cold saw Laser Miter saw Plasma Water jet cutter
Cutting tools	Broach Burr Chisel Counterbore Countersink End mill File Hand scraper Milling cutter Nibbler Oxy-fuel cutting torch Reamer Shears Tipped tool Tool bit
Forming tools	Brake Die English wheel Hydraulic press Machine press Punch press Screw press Stamping press
Hand tools	Clamp Combination square Drift pin Hacksaw Hammer Hand scraper Machinist square Needlegun scaler Piercing saw Pliers Punch Scriber Tap and die Tongs Vise Workbench Wrench
Machine tooling	Angle plate Chuck Collet Fixture Indexing head Jig Lathe center Machine taper Magnetic switchable device Mandrel Rotary table Wiggler
Measuring instruments	Bore gauge Caliper Center gauge Dial indicator Engineer's blue Engineer's spirit level Feeler gauge Gauge Gauge block Go/no go gauge Height gauge Machinist square Marking blue Marking gauge Marking out Micrometer Optical comparator Radius gauge Ruler Sine bar Straightedge Surface plate Tape measure Thread pitch gauge Vernier scale
Smithing tools	Anvil Forge Fuller Hardy tools Pritchel Steam hammer Swage block Trip hammer

v t e Welding
Arc welding	Atomic hydrogen (Athydo/AHW) Electrogas (EGW) Flash Flux-cored (FCAW) Gas metal (Microwire/MIG/GMAW) Gas tungsten (Heliarc/TIG/GTAW) Plasma (PAW) Shielded metal (Stick/MMA/SMAW) Submerged (SAW)
Other processes	Electric resistance (ERW) Electron-beam (EBW) Electroslag (ESW) Exothermic Forge Friction Friction stir (FSW) Friction stud Laser beam (LBW) Laser-hybrid Magnetic pulse Oxyacetylene (OAW) Spot (RSW) Ultrasonic Upset
Equipment	Electrode Filler metal Helmet Power supply Robot Shielding gas
Related terms	Heat-affected zone Photokeratitis Residual stress Weldability

Computer Science

v t e Computer science
Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 ACM Computing Classification System.
Hardware	Printed circuit board Peripheral Integrated circuit Very Large Scale Integration Systems on Chip (SoCs) Energy consumption (Green computing) Electronic design automation Hardware acceleration
Computer systems organization	Computer architecture Embedded system Real-time computing Dependability
Networks	Network architecture Network protocol Network components Network scheduler Network performance evaluation Network service
Software organization	Interpreter Middleware Virtual machine Operating system Software quality
Software notations and tools	Programming paradigm Programming language Compiler Domain-specific language Modeling language Software framework Integrated development environment Software configuration management Software library Software repository
Software development	Control variable Software development process Requirements analysis Software design Software construction Software deployment Software engineering Software maintenance Programming team Open-source model
Theory of computation	Model of computation Formal language Automata theory Computability theory Computational complexity theory Logic Semantics
Algorithms	Algorithm design Analysis of algorithms Algorithmic efficiency Randomized algorithm Computational geometry
Mathematics of computing	Discrete mathematics Probability Statistics Mathematical software Information theory Mathematical analysis Numerical analysis Theoretical computer science
Information systems	Database management system Information storage systems Enterprise information system Social information systems Geographic information system Decision support system Process control system Multimedia information system Data mining Digital library Computing platform Digital marketing World Wide Web Information retrieval
Security	Cryptography Formal methods Security hacker Security services Intrusion detection system Hardware security Network security Information security Application security
Human–computer interaction	Interaction design Social computing Ubiquitous computing Visualization Accessibility
Concurrency	Concurrent computing Parallel computing Distributed computing Multithreading Multiprocessing
Artificial intelligence	Natural language processing Knowledge representation and reasoning Computer vision Automated planning and scheduling Search methodology Control method Philosophy of artificial intelligence Distributed artificial intelligence
Machine learning	Supervised learning Unsupervised learning Reinforcement learning Multi-task learning Cross-validation
Graphics	Animation Rendering Photograph manipulation Graphics processing unit Mixed reality Virtual reality Image compression Solid modeling
Applied computing	Quantum Computing E-commerce Enterprise software Computational mathematics Computational physics Computational chemistry Computational biology Computational social science Computational engineering Differentiable computing Computational healthcare Digital art Electronic publishing Cyberwarfare Electronic voting Video games Word processing Operations research Educational technology Document management
Category Outline WikiProject Commons

Abstract Data Structures & Algorithims

v t e Data types
Uninterpreted	Bit Byte Trit Tryte Word Bit array
Numeric	Arbitrary-precision or bignum Complex Decimal Fixed point Floating point Reduced precision Minifloat Half precision bfloat16 Single precision Double precision Quadruple precision Octuple precision Extended precision Long double Integer signedness Interval Rational
Pointer	Address physical virtual Reference
Text	Character String null-terminated
Composite	Algebraic data type generalized Array Associative array Class Dependent Equality Inductive Intersection List Object metaobject Option type Product Record or Struct Refinement Set Union tagged
Other	Boolean Bottom type Collection Enumerated type Exception Function type Opaque data type Recursive data type Semaphore Stream Strongly typed identifier Top type Type class Empty type Unit type Void
Related topics	Abstract data type Boxing Data structure Generic Kind metaclass Parametric polymorphism Primitive data type Interface Subtyping Type constructor Type conversion Type system Type theory Variable

v t e Data structures
Types	Collection Container
Abstract	Associative array Multimap Retrieval Data Structure List Stack Queue Double-ended queue Priority queue Double-ended priority queue Set Multiset Disjoint-set
Arrays	Bit array Circular buffer Dynamic array Hash table Hashed array tree Sparse matrix
Linked	Association list Linked list Skip list Unrolled linked list XOR linked list
Trees	B-tree Binary search tree AA tree AVL tree Red–black tree Self-balancing tree Splay tree Heap Binary heap Binomial heap Fibonacci heap R-tree R* tree R+ tree Hilbert R-tree Trie Hash tree
Graphs	Binary decision diagram Directed acyclic graph Directed acyclic word graph
List of data structures

v t e Tree data structures
Search trees (dynamic sets/associative arrays)	2–3 2–3–4 AA (a,b) AVL B B+ B* B^x (Optimal) Binary search Dancing HTree Interval Order statistic (Left-leaning) Red–black Scapegoat Splay T Treap UB Weight-balanced
Heaps	Binary Binomial Brodal Fibonacci Leftist Pairing Skew van Emde Boas Weak
Tries	Ctrie C-trie (compressed ADT) Hash Radix Suffix Ternary search X-fast Y-fast
Spatial data partitioning trees	Ball BK BSP Cartesian Hilbert R k-d (implicit k-d) M Metric MVP Octree PH Priority R Quad R R+ R* Segment VP X
Other trees	Cover Exponential Fenwick Finger Fractal tree index Fusion Hash calendar iDistance K-ary Left-child right-sibling Link/cut Log-structured merge Merkle PQ Range SPQR Top

Logic

Major fields

Logics	Classical Informal Critical thinking Reason Mathematical Non-classical Philosophical
Theories	Argumentation Metalogic Metamathematics Set

Foundations

Lists

topics	Mathematical logic Boolean algebra Set theory
other	Logicians Rules of inference Paradoxes Fallacies Logic symbols

Automata theory: formal languages and formal grammars

Chomsky hierarchy	Grammars	Languages	Abstract machines
Type-0 — Type-1 — — — — — Type-2 — — Type-3 — —	Unrestricted (no common name) Context-sensitive Positive range concatenation Indexed — Linear context-free rewriting systems Tree-adjoining Context-free Deterministic context-free Visibly pushdown Regular — Non-recursive	Recursively enumerable Decidable Context-sensitive Positive range concatenation^* Indexed^* — Linear context-free rewriting language Tree-adjoining Context-free Deterministic context-free Visibly pushdown Regular Star-free Finite	Turing machine Decider Linear-bounded PTIME Turing Machine Nested stack Thread automaton restricted Tree stack automaton Embedded pushdown Nondeterministic pushdown Deterministic pushdown Visibly pushdown Finite Counter-free (with aperiodic finite monoid) Acyclic finite

Each category of languages, except those marked by a ^*, is a proper subset of the category directly above it. Any language in each category is generated by a grammar and by an automaton in the category in the same line.

Linguistics
Part of a series on
Outline History Index
General linguistics Diachronic Lexicography Morphology Phonology Pragmatics Semantics Syntax Syntax–semantics interface Typology
Applied linguistics Acquisition Anthropological Applied Computational Conversation Analysis Corpus linguistics Discourse analysis Distance Documentation Ethnography of communication Ethnomethodology Forensic History of linguistics Interlinguistics Neurolinguistics Philology Philosophy of language Phonetics Psycholinguistics Sociolinguistics Text Translating and interpreting Writing systems
Theoretical frameworks Formalist Constituency Dependency Distributionalism Generative Glossematics Functional Cognitive Construction grammar Functional discourse grammar Grammaticalization Interactional linguistics Prague school Systemic functional Usage-based Structuralism
Topics Autonomy of syntax Compositionality Conservative/innovative forms Descriptivism Etymology Iconicity Internet linguistics LGBT linguistics Origin of language Orthography Philosophy of linguistics Prescriptivism Second-language acquisition Theory of language
Portal
v t e

UNIX

Unix and Unix-like operating systems and compatibility layers

Operating
systems

BSD	386BSD FreeBSD NetBSD OpenBSD DragonFly BSD NeXTSTEP Darwin macOS iOS audioOS iPadOS tvOS watchOS bridgeOS SunOS Ultrix
Linux	Android Arch ChromeOS Debian Fedora Gentoo Red Hat SUSE Ubuntu Other distributions
System V	A/UX AIX HP-UX IRIX OpenServer Solaris OpenSolaris Illumos Tru64 UNIX UnixWare
Other	Coherent Domain/OS GNU Hurd LynxOS Minix MOS OSF/1 QNX BlackBerry 10 Research Unix SerenityOS Xenix more...

Compatibility
layers

Italics indicate discontinued systems. Category
Commons

v t e Unix command-line interface programs and shell builtins
File system	cat chattr chmod chown chgrp cksum cmp cp dd du df file fuser ln ls mkdir mv pax pwd rm rmdir split tee touch type umask
Processes	at bg crontab fg kill nice ps time
User environment	env exit logname mesg talk tput uname who write
Text processing	awk basename comm csplit cut diff dirname ed ex fold head iconv join m4 more nl paste patch printf read sed sort strings tail tr troff uniq vi wc xargs
Shell builtins	alias cd echo test unset wait
Searching	find grep
Documentation	man
Software development	ar ctags lex make nm strip yacc
Miscellaneous	bc cal expr lp od sleep true and false
Categories Standard Unix programs Unix SUS2008 utilities List

X Window System

Architecture

Extensions

Components
and notable
implementations

Display servers

Client libraries

Display managers
Session managers

Window managers
(comparison)

Compositing	Compiz KWin Metacity Mutter Xfwm Enlightenment
Stacking	4Dwm 9wm AfterStep amiwm Blackbox CTWM cwm Fluxbox FLWM FVWM IceWM JWM Matchbox mwm olwm Openbox Qvwm Sawfish swm tvtwm twm vtwm WindowLab Window Maker wm2
Tiling	awesome dwm i3 Ion ratpoison wmii xmonad StumpWM larswm

Standards

Applications

Hardware & Implementations

v t e Digital electronics
Components	Transistor Resistor Inductor Capacitor Printed electronics Printed circuit board Electronic circuit Flip-flop Memory cell Combinational logic Sequential logic Logic gate Boolean circuit Integrated circuit (IC) Hybrid integrated circuit (HIC) Mixed-signal integrated circuit Three-dimensional integrated circuit (3D IC) Emitter-coupled logic (ECL) Erasable programmable logic device (EPLD) Macrocell array Programmable logic array (PLA) Programmable logic device (PLD) Programmable Array Logic (PAL) Generic Array Logic (GAL) Complex programmable logic device (CPLD) Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) Field-programmable object array (FPOA) Application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) Tensor Processing Unit (TPU)
Theory	Digital signal Boolean algebra Logic synthesis Logic in computer science Computer architecture Digital signal Digital signal processing Circuit minimization Switching circuit theory Gate equivalent
Design	Logic synthesis Place and route Placement Routing Transaction-level modeling Register-transfer level Hardware description language High-level synthesis Formal equivalence checking Synchronous logic Asynchronous logic Finite-state machine Hierarchical state machine
Applications	Computer hardware Hardware acceleration Digital audio radio Digital photography Digital telephone Digital video cinematography television Electronic literature
Design issues	Metastability Runt pulse

v t e Parallel computing
General	Distributed computing Parallel computing Massively parallel Cloud computing High-performance computing Multiprocessing Manycore processor GPGPU Computer network Systolic array
Levels	Bit Instruction Thread Task Data Memory Loop Pipeline
Multithreading	Temporal Simultaneous (SMT) Speculative (SpMT) Preemptive Cooperative Clustered multi-thread (CMT) Hardware scout
Theory	PRAM model PEM model Analysis of parallel algorithms Amdahl's law Gustafson's law Cost efficiency Karp–Flatt metric Slowdown Speedup
Elements	Process Thread Fiber Instruction window Array
Coordination	Multiprocessing Memory coherence Cache coherence Cache invalidation Barrier Synchronization Application checkpointing
Programming	Stream processing Dataflow programming Models Implicit parallelism Explicit parallelism Concurrency Non-blocking algorithm
Hardware	Flynn's taxonomy SISD SIMD Array processing (SIMT) Pipelined processing Associative processing MISD MIMD Dataflow architecture Pipelined processor Superscalar processor Vector processor Multiprocessor symmetric asymmetric Memory shared distributed distributed shared UMA NUMA COMA Massively parallel computer Computer cluster Beowulf cluster Grid computer Hardware acceleration
APIs	Ateji PX Boost Chapel HPX Charm++ Cilk Coarray Fortran CUDA Dryad C++ AMP Global Arrays GPUOpen MPI OpenMP OpenCL OpenHMPP OpenACC Parallel Extensions PVM pthreads RaftLib ROCm UPC TBB ZPL
Problems	Automatic parallelization Deadlock Deterministic algorithm Embarrassingly parallel Parallel slowdown Race condition Software lockout Scalability Starvation
Category: Parallel computing

Processor technologies

Models

Architecture

Instruction set
architectures

Types	Orthogonal instruction set CISC RISC Application-specific EDGE TRIPS VLIW EPIC MISC OISC NISC ZISC VISC architecture Quantum computing Comparison Addressing modes
Instruction sets	Motorola 68000 series VAX PDP-11 x86 ARM Stanford MIPS MIPS MIPS-X Power POWER PowerPC Power ISA Clipper architecture SPARC SuperH DEC Alpha ETRAX CRIS M32R Unicore Itanium OpenRISC RISC-V MicroBlaze LMC System/3x0 S/360 S/370 S/390 z/Architecture Tilera ISA VISC architecture Epiphany architecture Others

Execution

Instruction pipelining	Pipeline stall Operand forwarding Classic RISC pipeline
Hazards	Data dependency Structural Control False sharing
Out-of-order	Scoreboarding Tomasulo's algorithm Reservation station Re-order buffer Register renaming Wide-issue
Speculative	Branch prediction Memory dependence prediction

Parallelism

Level	Bit Bit-serial Word Instruction Pipelining Scalar Superscalar Task Thread Process Data Vector Memory Distributed
Multithreading	Temporal Simultaneous Hyperthreading Speculative Preemptive Cooperative
Flynn's taxonomy	SISD SIMD Array processing (SIMT) Pipelined processing Associative processing SWAR MISD MIMD SPMD

Processor
performance

Transistor count
Instructions per cycle (IPC)
- Cycles per instruction (CPI)
Instructions per second (IPS)
Floating-point operations per second (FLOPS)
Transactions per second (TPS)
Synaptic updates per second (SUPS)
Performance per watt (PPW)
Cache performance metrics
Computer performance by orders of magnitude

Types

By application	Embedded system Microprocessor Microcontroller Mobile Ultra-low-voltage ASIP Soft microprocessor
Systems on chip	System on a chip (SoC) Multiprocessor (MPSoC) Programmable (PSoC) Network on a chip (NoC)
Hardware accelerators	Coprocessor AI accelerator Graphics processing unit (GPU) Image processor Vision processing unit (VPU) Physics processing unit (PPU) Digital signal processor (DSP) Tensor Processing Unit (TPU) Secure cryptoprocessor Network processor Baseband processor

Word size

Core count

Components

Functional units	Arithmetic logic unit (ALU) Address generation unit (AGU) Floating-point unit (FPU) Memory management unit (MMU) Load–store unit Translation lookaside buffer (TLB) Branch predictor Branch target predictor Integrated memory controller (IMC) Memory management unit Instruction decoder
Logic	Combinational Sequential Glue Logic gate Quantum Array
Registers	Processor register Status register Stack register Register file Memory buffer Memory address register Program counter
Control unit	Hardwired control unit Instruction unit Data buffer Write buffer Microcode ROM Horizontal microcode Counter
Datapath	Multiplexer Demultiplexer Adder Multiplier CPU Binary decoder Address decoder Sum-addressed decoder Barrel shifter
Circuitry	Integrated circuit 3D Mixed-signal Power management Boolean Digital Analog Quantum Switch

Power
management

v t e Digital signal processing
Theory	Detection theory Discrete signal Estimation theory Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem
Sub-fields	Audio signal processing Digital image processing Speech processing Statistical signal processing
Techniques	Z-transform Advanced z-transform Matched Z-transform method Bilinear transform Constant-Q transform Discrete cosine transform (DCT) Discrete Fourier transform (DFT) Discrete-time Fourier transform (DTFT) Impulse invariance Integral transform Laplace transform Post's inversion formula Starred transform Zak transform
Sampling	Aliasing Anti-aliasing filter Downsampling Nyquist rate / frequency Oversampling Quantization Sampling rate Undersampling Upsampling

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