Clinical data | |
---|---|
Pronunciation | /ˌpræmɪˈpɛksoʊl/ |
Trade names | Mirapex, Mirapexin, Sifrol, others |
AHFS/Drugs.com | Monograph |
MedlinePlus | a697029 |
License data |
|
Pregnancy category |
|
Routes of administration | By mouth |
ATC code | |
Legal status | |
Legal status | |
Pharmacokinetic data | |
Bioavailability | >90% |
Protein binding | 15% |
Elimination half-life | 8–12 hours |
Excretion | Urine (90%), Feces (2%) |
Identifiers | |
| |
CAS Number | |
PubChem CID | |
IUPHAR/BPS | |
DrugBank | |
ChemSpider | |
UNII | |
KEGG | |
ChEBI | |
ChEMBL | |
CompTox Dashboard (EPA) | |
ECHA InfoCard | 100.124.761 |
Chemical and physical data | |
Formula | C10H17N3S |
Molar mass | 211.33 g·mol−1 |
3D model (JSmol) | |
| |
| |
(verify) |
Pramipexole, sold under the brand Mirapex among others, is medication used to treat Parkinson's disease (PD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS).[6] In Parkinson's disease it may be used alone or together with levodopa.[6] It is taken by mouth.[6] Pramipexole is a dopamine agonist of the non-ergoline class.[6]
Pramipexole was approved for medical use in the United States in 1997.[6] Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is of unclear safety.[1] It is available as a generic medication.[7] In 2019, it was the 166th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3 million prescriptions.[8][9]
Pramipexole is used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) and restless legs syndrome (RLS).[6] Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is of unclear safety.[1]
Common side effects of pramipexole may include:[10][2][3]
The activity profile of pramipexole at various sites has been characterized as follows:
Site | Affinity (Ki, nM) | Efficacy (Emax, %) | Action |
---|---|---|---|
D2S | 3.9 | 130 | Full agonist |
D2L | 2.2 | 70 | Partial agonist |
D3 | 0.5 | 70 | Partial agonist |
D4 | 5.1 | 42 | Partial agonist |
Notes: Pramipexole also possesses lower affinity (500–10,000 nM) for the 5-HT1A, 5-HT1B, 5-HT1D, and α2-adrenergic receptors.[20][22] It has negligible affinity (>10,000 nM) for the D1, D5, 5-HT2, α1-adrenergic, β-adrenergic, H1, and mACh receptors.[20][22] All sites were assayed using human materials.[20][21] |
While pramipexole is used clinically (see below), its D3-preferring receptor binding profile has made it a popular tool compound for preclinical research. For example, pramipexole has been used (in combination with D2- and or D3-preferring antagonists) to discover the role of D3 receptor function in rodent models and tasks for neuropsychiatric disorders.[23] Of note, it appears that pramipexole, in addition to having effects on dopamine D3 receptors, may also affect mitochondrial function via a mechanism that remains less understood. A pharmacological approach to separate dopaminergic from non-dopaminergic (e.g. mitochondrial) effects of pramipexole has been to study the effects of the R-stereoisomer of pramipexole (which has much lower affinity to the dopamine receptors when compared to the S-isomer) side by side with the effects of the S-isomer.[24]
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disease affecting the substantia nigra, a component of the basal ganglia. The substantia nigra has a high quantity of dopaminergic neurons, which are nerve cells that release the neurotransmitter known as dopamine. When dopamine is released, it may activate dopamine receptors in the striatum, which is another component of the basal ganglia. When neurons of the substantia nigra deteriorate in Parkinson's disease, the striatum no longer properly receives dopamine signals. As a result, the basal ganglia can no longer regulate body movement effectively and motor function becomes impaired. By acting as an agonist for the D2, D3, and D4 dopamine receptors, pramipexole may directly stimulate the underfunctioning dopamine receptors in the striatum, thereby restoring the dopamine signals needed for proper functioning of the basal ganglia.
Brand names include Mirapex, Mirapex ER, Mirapexin, Sifrol, Glepark, and Oprymea.[citation needed]
Pramipexole has been evaluated for the treatment of sexual dysfunction experienced by some users of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressants.[25] Pramipexole has shown effects on pilot studies in a placebo-controlled proof of concept study in bipolar disorder.[26][27][28] It is also being investigated for the treatment of clinical depression and fibromyalgia.[29][30][31]