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| Regions with significant populations | |
|---|---|
| India (Jammu and Kashmir) | 6,797,587 (2011)*[1] |
| Pakistan (Azad Jammu and Kashmir) | 353,064 (2017)*[2] |
| Languages | |
| Kashmiri | |
| Religion | |
Majority: Islam(Sunni majority, Shia minority) Minority: | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Other Dards and Indo-Aryans | |
*The population figures are only for the number of speakers of the Kashmiri language. May not include ethnic Kashmiris who no longer speak the Kashmiri language. | |
Kashmiris, also known as Koshurs,[citation needed], are an ethnic group in the Kashmir Valley in the portion of the Kashmir region administered by India. The Kashmiri language, a Dardic language, is their first language.[citation needed]
History
Language
(left)An example of early Sharada script, in the Bakhshali manuscript; (right) Stone Slab in Verinag in Perso-Arabic script
Kashmiri (/kæʃˈmɪəri/) or Koshur (کأشُر , कॉशुर , Kashmiri pronunciation: [/kəːʃur/]) spoken primarily in the Kashmir Valley and Chenab regions of Jammu and Kashmir. The language originates from Sanskrit although it received Persian influence during Muslim rule.[3] According to many linguists, the Kashmiri language is a northwest Dardic language of the Indo-Aryan family, descending from Middle Indo-Aryan languages. The label "Dardic" indicates a geographical label for the languages spoken in the northwest mountain regions, not a linguistic label.[4] UCLA estimates the number of speakers as being around 4.4 million, with a preponderance in the Kashmir Valley,[5] whereas the 2001 census of India records over 5.5 million speakers.[6] According to the 1998 Census there were 132,450 Kashmiri speakers in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.[7] According to Professor Khawaja Abdul Rehman the Kashmiri language is on the verge of dying out in the Neelum Valley.[8]
Kashmiri is believed to be the only one among the Dardic languages that has a written literature.[4] Kashmiri literature dates back to over 750 years, comparable to that of most modern languages.[9] Some modern Kashmiri poets and writers are Mehjoor and Abdul Ahad Azad.[10]
See also
Notes
References
- ^ "ABSTRACT OF SPEAKERS' STRENGTH OF LANGUAGES AND MOTHER TONGUES - 2011" (PDF). Census India (.gov). 2011. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
- ^ Kiani, Khaleeq (28 May 2018). "CCI defers approval of census results until elections". DAWN.COM. Archived from the original on 15 September 2020. Retrieved 17 March 2020.
((cite web)):|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; 20 June 2020 suggested (help) - ^ Kaw, Kashmiri Pandits 2001, p. 34.
- ^ a b Munshi, S. (2010), "Kashmiri", Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World, Elsevier, pp. 582–, ISBN 978-0-08-087775-4
- ^ "UCLA Languages Project: Kashmiri". UCLA International Institute. Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 24 March 2012.
- ^ Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues – 2000, Census of India, 2001
- ^ Shakil, Mohsin (2012). "Languages of Erstwhile State of Jammu Kashmir (A Preliminary Study)".
((cite journal)): Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ "Up north: Call for exploration of archaeological sites". 5 June 2015.
- ^ Ghulam Rasool Malik, Kashmiri Literature Archived 1 July 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Muse India, June 2006.
- ^ Poetry and renaissance: Kumaran Asan birth centenary volume, Sameeksha, 1974, retrieved 12 August 2015
Bibliography
Encyclopedia
- Amin, Tahir; Schofield, Victoria (2009), "Kashmir", in John L. Esposito (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islamic World, ISBN 9780195305135
- Khan, Nyla Ali. Kashmir. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Islam and Women.
- West, Barbara (2010), Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania, ISBN 9781438119137
Scholarly books
- Ames, Frank (1986). The Kashmir shawl and its Indo-French influence. Antique Collectors' Club. ISBN 9780907462620.
- Bhat, M. Ashraf (2017), The Changing Language Roles and Linguistic Identities of the Kashmiri Speech Community, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, ISBN 978-1-4438-6260-8
- Bose, Sumantra (2013), Transforming India, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-72819-6
- Brower, Barbara; Johnston, Barbara Rose (2016). Disappearing Peoples?: Indigenous Groups and Ethnic Minorities in South and Central Asia. Routledge. ISBN 9781315430393.
- C. Baron V. Hugel, Annotated By D.C. Sharma (1984). Kashmir Under Maharaja Ranjit Singh. Atlantic Publishers & Distributors Pvt Ltd. ISBN 9788171560943.
- Chowdhary, Rekha (2015), Jammu and Kashmir: Politics of Identity and Separatism, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-317-41405-6
- Chen, Yu-Wen; Shih, Chih-Yu (2016), Borderland Politics in Northern India, Routledge, ISBN 9781317605171
- Drace-Francis, Alex, European Identity: A Historical Readered. European Identity: a historical reader.] Palgrave Macmillan, 2013.
- Fahim, Farukh (2011), "Centuries' Subjugation Kicks off a Bitter Struggle", in Harsh Dobhal (ed.), Writings on Human Rights, Law, and Society in India: A Combat Law Anthology : Selections from Combat Law, 2002-2010, New Delhi: Human Rights Law Network/Socio Legal Information Centre, pp. 258–264, ISBN 9788189479787
- Hangloo, Rattan Lal (2000), The State in Medieval Kashmir, Manohar, ISBN 978-81-7304-251-5
- Jalal, Ayesha (2002), Self and Sovereignty: Individual and Community in South Asian Islam Since 1850, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-134-59937-0
- Rai, Mridu (2004), Hindu Rulers, Muslim Subjects: Islam, Rights, and the History of Kashmir, C. Hurst & Co, ISBN 1850656614
- Schofield, Victoria (2000), Kashmir in Conflict, London and New York: I. B. Taurus & Co, ISBN 9781860648984
- Schofield, Victoria (2010), Kashmir in Conflict: India, Pakistan and the Unending War, I.B.Tauris, ISBN 978-0-85773-078-7
- Sevea, Iqbal Singh (2012), The Political Philosophy of Muhammad Iqbal: Islam and Nationalism in Late Colonial India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781139536394
- Snedden, Christopher (2015), Understanding Kashmir and Kashmiris, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-1-84904-342-7
- Watt, George (2014). A Dictionary of the Economic Products of India, Part 2. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108068796.
- Zutshi, Chitralekha (2004), Languages of Belonging: Islam, Regional Identity, and the Making of Kashmir, C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, ISBN 978-1-85065-700-2
Books
- Bamzai, P. N. K. (1994), Culture and Political History of Kashmir: Ancient Kashmir, M.D. Publications Pvt. Ltd., ISBN 978-81-85880-31-0
- Bamzai, Prithivi Nath Kaul (1994), Culture and Political History of Kashmir: Medieval Kashmir, M.D. Publications, ISBN 978-81-85880-33-4
- Bakshi, S. R. (1997), Kashmir Through Ages, Volume 2: Kashmir - Valley and its Culture, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 978-81-85431-71-0
- Bhandari, Mohan C. (2006), Solving Kashmir, Lancer Publishers, ISBN 978-81-7062-125-6
- Dar, P Krishna (2000). Kashmiri Cooking. Penguin UK. ISBN 9789351181699.
- Kaw, M.K. (2001), Kashmiri Pandits: Looking to the Future, APH Publishing, ISBN 9788176482363
- Kaw, M. K. (2004), Kashmir and its People: Studies in the evolution of Kashmiri society, Volume 4 of KECSS research series: Culture and heritage of Kashmir, APH Publishing, p. 90, ISBN 978-81-7648-537-1
- Madison Books; Andrews McMeel Publishing, LLC; Corby Kummer (1 November 2007). 1001 Foods To Die For. Andrews McMeel Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7407-7043-2.
- Hāṇḍā, Omacanda (1998), Textiles, Costumes, and Ornaments of the Western Himalaya, Indus Publishing, ISBN 978-81-7387-076-7
- Parashar, Parmanand (2004), Kashmir The Paradise Of Asia, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 978-81-7625-518-9
- Rafiabadi, Hamid Naseem (2003), World Religions and Islam: A Critical Study, Part 2, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 9788176254144
- Rafiabadi, Hamid Naseem (2005), Saints and Saviours of Islam, Sarup & Sons, ISBN 978-81-7625-555-4
- Janet Rizvi (2001), Trans-Himalayan Caravans: Merchant Princes and Peasant Traders in Ladakh, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-565817-0
- Solomon H. Katz; William Woys Weaver (2003). Encyclopedia of Food and Culture: Food production to Nuts. Scribner. ISBN 978-0-684-80566-5.
- The Panjab Past and Present. Department of Punjab Historical Studies, Punjabi University. 1993. p. 22.
Journal articles
- Bhasin, M.K.; Nag, Shampa (2002). "A Demographic Profile of the People of Jammu and Kashmir"(PDF). Journal of Human Ecology
- Downie, J.M.; Tashi, T.; Lorenzo, F.R.; Feusier, J.E.; Mir, H.; Prchal, J.T. (2016), "A Genome-Wide Search for Greek and Jewish Admixture in the Kashmiri Population", PLOS ONE, 11 (8): e0160614, Bibcode:2016PLoSO..1160614D, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0160614, PMC 4973929, PMID 27490348
((citation)): CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - Journal of History. Department of History, Jadavpur University. 1981. p. 76.
- The Journal of the Anthropological Survey of India, Volume 52. The Survey.
- The quarterly journal of the Mythic society (Bangalore)., Volume 96. The Society.
Primary sources
- Lawrence, Sir Walter Roper (1895), The Valley of Kashmir, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 978-81-206-1630-1
- Mohamed, C K. Census of India, 1921. Vol. XXII: Kashmir. Part I: Report.
- Proceedings - Indian History Congress, Volume 63. Indian History Congress. 2003.
- Punjab Census Report 17 Feb 1881. 1883.
- Ram, Anant; Raina, Hira Nand (1933). Census of India, 1931. Vol. XXIV: Jammu and Kashmir State. Part II: Imperial and State Tables.
- Sir George Watt (1903). Indian Art at Delhi 1903: Being the Official Catalogue of the Delhi Exhibition 1902-1903. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. ISBN 978-81-208-0278-0.
External links
Media related to Kashmiri people at Wikimedia Commons
| Brahmins | |
|---|---|
| Dalits | |
| Dogras | |
| Gurjars | |
| Jats | |
| Muslims | |
| Others | |