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Parameters
Parameter
Description
archive
Name of the page to which archived threads will be put. This parameter supports the use of variables, which can be used to create dynamically named archives (such as using date ranges). Note that magic words and templates do not work with this parameter, and unless a key is supplied (see below), the target page must be a subpage of the current page.
algo
Algorithm that instructs the bot how to decide whether to archive a thread or not. Complex formulas (including regex matching) will be available in the future, but so far it must be of the form old(...) where ... specifies the maximum age of a thread (in hours or days: 24h, 72h, 5d, 21d etc.)
counter
The current value of the counter. If the %(counter)d variable is not used, it is ignored. MiszaBot will update this parameter as necessary.
maxarchivesize
The maximum archive size before incrementing the counter. Ignored if counter is not used. The values used must be in a #K format, using a capital letter "K". For example: maxarchivesize=256K
minthreadsleft
The minimum number of threads that should be left on a page (to prevent pages from getting completely harvested). Default value: 5
minthreadstoarchive
The minimum number of threads to archive at one time, which is used to lower edit frequency. MiszaBot will not archive threads when fewer than the value of this parameter would be archived. Default value: 2
archiveheader
Content that will be put on new archive pages as the header. This parameter supports the use of variables. The value of this parameter Cannot be multiline! Use a template such as ((archive navigation)) in order to add significant content. The Default value is ((talk archive)).
key
A secret key that (if valid) allows archives to not be subpages of the page being archived. To obtain such a key, ask me and have a good reason for that. :-)
"Wikipedia does not necessarily use the subject's "official" name as an article title; it prefers to use the name that is most frequently used to refer to the subject in English-language reliable sources."
Google Scholar gives 78 (seventy-eight) hits for "Dharmic religions", and 7.430 for "Indian religions". Google Books gives 73 hits for "Dharmic religions", and 93.000 hits for "Indian religions".
Google Books gives 73 hits for "Dharmic religions", and 93.000 hits for "Indian religions". When we exclude "Wikipedia, "Dharmic religions" gives 66, and "Indian religions" gives 236.000 - an amazing growth of numbers, which raises questions on this search-engine, but nevertheless, it's a ratio of 1:1208, or 1:3576.
Bing: Inidian Religions with 41,100,000 and Dharmic Religions with 121,000. Basically 340 to 1 in favor of Indian Religions.
"When titling articles in specific fields, or with respect to particular problems, there is often previous consensus that can be used as a precedent. Look to the guideline pages referenced."
There has been previous concencus for the deletion of "Dharmic" pages and categories:
"major international organizations, major English-language media outlets, quality encyclopedias, geographic name servers, major scientific bodies, and notable scientific journals"
"Navigation templates are particularly useful for a small, well-defined group of articles; templates with a large numbers of links are not forbidden, but can appear overly busy and be hard to read and use. Good templates generally follow some of these guidelines:
All articles within a template relate to a single, coherent subject.
The subject of the template should be mentioned in every article.
The articles should refer to each other, to a reasonable extent.
There should be a Wikipedia article on the subject of the template.
You would want to list many of these articles in the See also sections of the articles.
If the collection of articles does not meet these tests, that indicates that the articles are loosely related, and a list or category may be more appropriate."
The word Dharm often is used to just mean 'religion' including the the Abrahamic religions.((cite book|last=Mittal|first=Sushil|title=Surprising Bedfellows: Hindus and Muslims in Medieval and Early Modern India|year=2003|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=9780739106730|page=103))
Hindu inclusive - Ideology with "Dharmic religions"
In modern times, the orthodox measure of the primacy of the Vedas has been has been joint with the 'grand narrative' of Vedic origins of Hinduism. The exclusion of Jainism and Buddhism excludes a substantial part of India's cultural and religious history from the assertion of a strong and positive Hindu identity. Indian-ideology solves this problem by taking recourse to the notion of "Hinduness", which includes Jainism and Buddhism. A recent strategy, exemplified by Rajiv Malhotra, is the use of the term dhamma as a common denominator, which also includes Jainism and Buddhism.[1]
Johannsen, Niels N.; Larson, Greger; Meltzer, David J.; Vander Linden, Marc (2017), "A composite window into human history", Science 16 Jun 2017: Vol. 356, Issue 6343, Pp. 1118-1120, 356 (6343): 1118–1120, doi:10.1126/science.aan0737, PMID28619897, S2CID5292323, Over the past decade, the ability to recover whole genomes from ancient remains has emerged as a powerful tool for understanding the human past. From a strictly biological perspective, the sequencing of ancient genomes has resolved the dispute over our evolutionary relationship with Neandertals, revealed the extent of gene flow within and between modern and archaic humans, shed light on genetic and health consequences of this admixture, and uncovered genomic changes in recent human evolution (1). More generally, the results have made clear that over the course of human history, moving and mating have been more the rule than the exception. The possible benefits of ancient DNA (aDNA) research for archaeology are enormous.
Kivisild, Toomas (2017), "The study of human Y chromosome variation through ancient DNA", Human Genetics, May 2017, Volume 136, Issue 5, Pp 529–546, 136 (5): 529–546, doi:10.1007/s00439-017-1773-z, S2CID368489, High throughput sequencing methods have completely transformed the study of human Y chromosome variation by offering a genome-scale view on genetic variation retrieved from ancient human remains in context of a growing number of high coverage whole Y chromosome sequence data from living populations from across the world. The ancient Y chromosome sequences are providing us the first exciting glimpses into the past variation of male-specific compartment of the genome and the opportunity to evaluate models based on previously made inferences from patterns of genetic variation in living populations.
Lebrasseur, Ophélie; Ryan, Hannah; Abbona, Cinthia (2018), "Bridging Archaeology and Genetics", Environmental Archaeology, 2018, Pp 111-132, Interdisciplinary Contributions to Archaeology: 111–132, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75082-8_6, ISBN978-3-319-75081-1, With the development of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the 1980s, the application of molecular methods to archaeological questions has seen a rapid expansion in the last three decades, addressing major research topics including human origins and migrations, domestication and chronology. The recent introduction of next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionised the field, allowing for a larger amount of data to be generated quickly and at ever-decreasing costs.
Linderholm, Anna (2016), "Ancient DNA: the next generation – chapter and verse", Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, Volume 117, Issue 1, 1 January 2016, Pages 150–160, 117: 150–160, doi:10.1111/bij.12616, As the field of ancient DNA (aDNA) enters its third decade, it is perhaps time to reflect on the amazing transformation that it has undergone. Early analyses of aDNA focused on mitochondrial and/or chloroplast DNA, which were abundantly available in the cell, making retrieval and reproducibility much easier. Study of mitochondrial DNA through time allows evolutionary relationships between species to be resolved, molecular clocks to be calibrated, the geographical origins of samples to be revealed, and demographic histories to be investigated. However, not until the advent of massive parallel sequencing [also know as second-generation sequencing and next-generation sequencing (NGS)] was it possible to retrieve and study nuclear DNA on a more routine basis. Ancient nuclear DNA can additionally be used to identify extinct phenotypes, assess the degree of admixture, and examine selection pressures.
Marciniak, Stephanie; Perry, George H. (2017), "Harnessing ancient genomes to study the history of human adaptation", Nature Reviews Genetics Volume 18, Pages 659–674 (2017), PMID28890534, The past several years have witnessed an explosion of successful ancient human genome-sequencing projects, with genomic-scale ancient DNA data sets now available for more than 1,100 ancient human and archaic hominin (for example, Neandertal) individuals. Recent 'evolution in action' analyses have started using these data sets to identify and track the spatiotemporal trajectories of genetic variants associated with human adaptations to novel and changing environments, agricultural lifestyles, and introduced or co-evolving pathogens. Together with evidence of adaptive introgression of genetic variants from archaic hominins to humans and emerging ancient genome data sets for domesticated animals and plants, these studies provide novel insights into human evolution and the evolutionary consequences of human behaviour that go well beyond those that can be obtained from modern genomic data or the fossil and archaeological records alone.
Novembre, John; Peter, Benjamin M. (2016), "Recent advances in the study of fine-scale population structure in humans", Current Opinion in Genetics & Development. Volume 41, December 2016, Pages 98-105, 41: 98–105, doi:10.1016/j.gde.2016.08.007, Empowered by modern genotyping and large samples, population structure can be accurately described and quantified even when it only explains a fraction of a percent of total genetic variance. This is especially relevant and interesting for humans, where fine-scale population structure can both confound disease-mapping studies and reveal the history of migration and divergence that shaped our species' diversity. Here we review notable recent advances in the detection, use, and understanding of population structure. Our work addresses multiple areas where substantial progress is being made: improved statistics and models for better capturing differentiation, admixture, and the spatial distribution of variation; computational speed-ups that allow methods to scale to modern data; and advances in haplotypic modeling that have wide ranging consequences for the analysis of population structure.
Orlando, Ludovic; Gilbert, M. Thomas P.; Willerslev, Eske (2015), "Reconstructing ancient genomes and epigenomes", Nature Reviews Genetics Volume 16, Pages 395–408 (2015), Research involving ancient DNA (aDNA) has experienced a true technological revolution in recent years through advances in the recovery of aDNA and, particularly, through applications of high-throughput sequencing. Formerly restricted to the analysis of only limited amounts of genetic information, aDNA studies have now progressed to whole-genome sequencing for an increasing number of ancient individuals and extinct species, as well as to epigenomic characterization. Such advances have enabled the sequencing of specimens of up to 1 million years old, which, owing to their extensive DNA damage and contamination, were previously not amenable to genetic analyses.
Pickrell, Joseph K.; Reich, David (2014), "Toward a new history and geography of human genes informed by ancient DNA", Trends in Genetics, Volume 30, Issue 9, September 2014, Pages 377-389, 30 (9): 377–389, doi:10.1016/j.tig.2014.07.007, PMC4163019, PMID25168683, Genetic information contains a record of the history of our species, and technological advances have transformed our ability to access this record. Many studies have used genome-wide data from populations today to learn about the peopling of the globe and subsequent adaptation to local conditions [...] By accessing the genetic make-up of populations living at archaeologically known times and places, ancient DNA makes it possible to directly track migrations and responses to natural selection.
Pugach, Irina; Mark (2015), "Genome-wide insights into the genetic history of human populations", Investigative Genetics20156:6, 6, doi:10.1186/s13323-015-0024-0, PMID25834724, S2CID8823313, Although mtDNA and the non-recombining Y chromosome (NRY) studies continue to provide valuable insights into the genetic history of human populations, recent technical, methodological and computational advances and the increasing availability of large-scale, genome-wide data from contemporary human populations around the world promise to reveal new aspects, resolve finer points, and provide a more detailed look at our past demographic history. Genome-wide data are particularly useful for inferring migrations, admixture, and fine structure, as well as for estimating population divergence and admixture times and fluctuations in effective population sizes.((citation)): CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
Schraiber, Joshua G.; Akey, Joshua M. (2015), "Methods and models for unravelling human evolutionary history", Nature Reviews Genetics Volume 16, Pages 727–740 (2015), 16 (12): 727–740, doi:10.1038/nrg4005, PMID26553329, S2CID332660, The genomes of contemporary humans contain considerable information about the history of our species. Although the general contours of human evolutionary history have been defined with increasing resolution throughout the past several decades, the continuing deluge of massively large sequencing data sets presents new opportunities and challenges for understanding human evolutionary history.
Slatkin, Montgomery; Racimo, Fernando (2016), "Ancient DNA and human history", PNAS June 7, 2016. 113 (23) 6380-6387, 113 (23): 6380–6387, doi:10.1073/pnas.1524306113, PMC4988579, PMID27274045, In many cases, particularly in the Arctic, the Americas, and Europe, aDNA has revealed historical demographic patterns in a way that could not be resolved by analyzing present-day genomes alone. Ancient DNA from archaic hominins has revealed a rich history of admixture between early modern humans, Neanderthals, and Denisovans, and has allowed us to disentangle complex selective processes. Information from aDNA studies is nowhere near saturation, and we believe that future aDNA sequences will continue to change our understanding of hominin history.
James Mill (1773–1836), in his The History of British India (1817),[a] distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely Hindu, Muslim and British civilisations.[b][c] This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised, for the misconceptions it has given rise to.[d] Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, mediaeval and modern periods".[e]
Notes
Different periods are designated as "classical Hinduism":
Smart calls the period between 1000 BCE and 100 CE "pre-classical". It's the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism (Smart distinguishes "Brahmanism" from the Vedic religion, connecting "Brahmanism" with the Upanishads.[t]), Jainism and Buddhism. For Smart, the "classical period" lasts from 100 to 1000 CE, and coincides with the flowering of "classical Hinduism" and the flowering and deterioration of Mahayana-buddhism in India.[u]
For Michaels, the period between 500 BCE and 200 BCE is a time of "Ascetic reformism"[v], whereas the period between 200 BCE and 1100 CE is the time of "classical Hinduism", since there is "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions".[w]
Muesse discerns a longer period of change, namely between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, which he calls the "Classical Period". According to Muesse, some of the fundamental concepts of Hinduism, namely karma, reincarnation and "personal enlightenment and transformation", which did not exist in the Vedic religion, developed in this time.[x]
Bentley, Jerry H. (1996), "Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History", The American Historical Review. Vol. 101, No. 3 (Jun., 1996), Pp. 749-770
Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press
Khanna, Meenakshi (2007), Cultural History Of Medieval India, Berghahn Books
Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), A History of India, Routledge
Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
Misra, Amalendu (2004), Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India, SAGE
The origins of the Vedic culture lie in the interaction of the proto-Indo-Iranians with the BMAC, approximately 2,000-1,800 BCE, in the area of what is nowadays northern Afganistan. From this area, the Vedic people migrated over the Hindu Kush into the Indus Valley, around 1,500 BCE.
The emergence of the proto-Indo-Iranians is part of the Indo-European migrations. These migrations started 4,000 BCE with a diffusion from their origins in the Yamna culture, which was part of the Kurgan horizon. At 2,000 BCE started the migrations out of the Eastern-European steppes.
Sources: Beckwith, Christopher I. (2009), Empires of the Silk Road, Princeton University Press chapter 1); Anthony, David W. (2007), The Horse The Wheel And Language., Princeton University Press chapters 14 & 15
James Mill (1773–1836), in his The History of British India (1817),[a] distinguished three phases in the history of India, namely Hindu, Muslim and British civilisations.[b][c] This periodisation has been influential, but has also been criticised, for the misconceptions it has given rise to.[d] Another influential periodisation is the division into "ancient, classical, mediaeval and modern periods".[e]
Smart[u] and Michaels[v] seem to follow Mill's periodisation (Michaels mentions Flood 1996 as a source for "Prevedic Religions".[w]), while Flood[x] and Muesse[y][z] follow the "ancient, classical, mediaeval and modern periods" periodisation.[aa]
Different periods are designated as "classical Hinduism":
Smart calls the period between 1000 BCE and 100 CE "pre-classical". It's the formative period for the Upanishads and Brahmanism (Smart distinguishes "Brahmanism" from the Vedic religion, connecting "Brahmanism" with the Upanishads.[ab]), Jainism and Buddhism. For Smart, the "classical period" lasts from 100 to 1000 CE, and coincides with the flowering of "classical Hinduism" and the flowering and deterioration of Mahayana-buddhism in India.[ac]
For Michaels, the period between 500 BCE and 200 BCE is a time of "Ascetic reformism"[ad], whereas the period between 200 BCE and 1100 CE is the time of "classical Hinduism", since there is "a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions".[ae]
Muesse discerns a longer period of change, namely between 800 BCE and 200 BCE, which he calls the "Classical Period". According to Muesse, some of the fundamental concepts of Hinduism, namely karma, reincarnation and "personal enlightenment and transformation", which did not exist in the Vedic religion, developed in this time.[af]
Bentley, Jerry H. (1996), "Cross-Cultural Interaction and Periodization in World History", The American Historical Review. Vol. 101, No. 3 (Jun., 1996), pp. 749-770
Flood, Gavin D. (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press
Khanna, Meenakshi (2007), Cultural History Of Medieval India, Berghahn Books
Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004), A History of India, Routledge
Michaels, Axel (2004), Hinduism. Past and present, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press
Misra, Amalendu (2004), Identity and Religion: Foundations of Anti-Islamism in India, SAGE
"There is a clear consensus among knowledgeable editors who are familiar with the literature that Indo-Aryan migration is the overwhelmingly predominant view among reliable sources in the field, that any alternatives – aside from religiously and nationally motivated ideologies – are indeed WP:FRINGE, and that the Indo-Aryan migration should therefore be presented as an established historical fact (subject, of course, just to the standard proviso that historical models, as a matter of principle, can hardly ever reach the same amount of certainty as natural laws in the physical sciences; the objection that an historical model isn't "testable" and therefore "not scientific" is an obviou red herring.) Fut.Perf. ☼ 08:51, 27 January 2015 (UTC)"
"the "Indigenous Aryans" proposal which is the subject of this article is a fringe theory according to Wikipedia guidelines. jps (talk) 15:08, 4 February 2015 (UTC)"
NB: ((refn|group=note|note)) doesn't work when the note contains hyperlinks to external pages: ((refn|group=note|[http://www.example.com])). In that case, use <ref group=note>[http://www.example.com]</ref>.
NB2: sfn doesn't seem to work in listed notes; use harv/harvnb/harvtxt instead:
((Citation | last =McRae | first =John | author-link =article-name of author | year =2003 | title =Seeing Through Zen | place = | publisher =The University Press Group Ltd))
Using secondary and tertiairy sources, instead of using primary sources, is a basic rule of Wikipedia:
"Wikipedia articles should be based on reliable, published sources, making sure that all majority and significant minority views that have appeared in those sources are covered (see Wikipedia:Neutral point of view)."
And also:
"Articles should rely on secondary sources whenever possible. For example, a review article, monograph, or textbook is better than a primary research paper. When relying on primary sources, extreme caution is advised: Wikipedians should never interpret the content of primary sources for themselves. See Wikipedia:No original research."
Bibliography: books or other works created by the subject of the article (under a section heading "Works", "Publications", "Discography", etc. as appropriate);
See also: internal links to related English Wikipedia articles (section heading "See also");
Notes & References: notes and references (section heading "Notes" or "References", or a separate section for each; see Citing sources);
Further reading: relevant books, articles, or other publications that have not been used as sources (section heading "Further reading");
External links: relevant websites that have not been used as sources and do not appear in the earlier appendices (section heading "External links").
Navigation boxes: internal links organized into navigational boxes (sometimes placed at the top in the form of sidebars)