^Kim was referred to as supreme leader in 2011, and then appointed as First Chairman of the National Defence Commission in 2012 and Chairman of the State Affairs Commission in 2016 —having been de factoleader of North Korea throughout.
^The seven-member Swiss Federal Council is head of state and government collectively. Within this executive council, the president serves solely in a primus inter pares capacity for one year.
^Titled President of the Council of State until 10 October 2019.
^Title changed from Chairman to General Secretary on 10 January 2021.
^Title changed from Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme People's Assembly to Chairman of the Standing Committee of the Supreme People's Assembly in 2021.