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((short description|Left politics in the United States))
((use mdy dates|date=April 2012))
((Lead too long|date=August 2023))
((Modern liberalism US))((Socialism US|related))
((Politics of the United States))
The '''American Left''' can refer to multiple concepts. It is sometimes used as a shorthand for groups aligned with the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]]. At other times, it refers to groups that have sought [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]] changes in the economic, political, and cultural institutions of the United States.<ref>Buhle, Buhle and Georgakas, p. ix.</ref> Various subgroups with a national scope are active. [[Modern liberalism in the United States|Liberals]] and [[Progressivism in the United States|progressives]] believe that equality can be accommodated into existing [[Capitalism|capitalist]] structures, but they differ in their [[criticism of capitalism]] and on the extent of [[reform]] and the [[welfare state]]. [[Anarchism in the United States|Anarchists]], [[Communism|communists]], and [[History of the socialist movement in the United States|socialists]] with international imperatives are also present within this macro-movement.<ref>Buhle, Buhle and Georgakas, p. vii</ref> Many [[Intentional community|communes]] and [[Egalitarian community|egalitarian communities]] have existed in the United States as a sub-category of the broader [[intentional community]] movement, some of which were based on [[Utopian socialism|utopian socialist]] ideals.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPiM8oMA9xgC&pg=PA9|author=Iaácov Oved|title=Two Hundred Years of American Communes|publisher=Transaction Publishers|date=1987|pages=9–15|isbn=9781412840552))</ref> The left has been involved in both the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] parties at different times, having originated in the [[Democratic-Republican Party]] as opposed to the [[Federalist Party]].<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-bgaAQAAIAAJ|title=Liberalism Vs. Conservatism; Liberty Vs. Authority|first=C. William|last=Hushaw|publisher=W. C. Brown Book Company|location=Dubuque, IA|date=1964|pages=32))</ref><ref>((cite book|last=Ornstein|first=Allan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8f8eAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|title=Class Counts: Education, Inequality, and the Shrinking Middle Class|date=9 March 2007|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|isbn=9780742573727|pages=56–58))</ref><ref>((cite book|last=Larson|first=Edward J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MXcCdlmwwecC|title=A Magnificent Catastrophe: The Tumultuous Election of 1800, America's First Presidential Campaign|year=2007|isbn=9780743293174|page=21|quote=The divisions between Adams and Jefferson were exasperated by the more extreme views expressed by some of their partisans, particularly the High Federalists led by Hamilton on what was becoming known as the political right, and the democratic wing of the Republican Party on the left, associated with New York Governor George Clinton and Pennsylvania legislator Albert Gallatin, among others.|author-link=Edward J. Larson))</ref>

Although [[left-wing politics]] came to the United States in the 19th century, there are no major left-wing political parties in the United States. Despite existing left-wing [[Factions in the Democratic Party (United States)|factions]] within the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic Party]],<ref>Archer 2007.</ref> as well as minor third parties such as the [[Green Party of the United States|Green Party]], [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]], [[Party for Socialism and Liberation]], [[Workers World Party]], [[Socialist Party USA|Socialist Party]], and [[American Solidarity Party]] (a [[Christian democracy|Christian democratic]] party leaning left on economics), none of the parties have ever won a seat in congress. Academic scholars have long studied the reasons why no viable socialist parties have emerged in the United States.<ref>Lipset & Marks, p. 9</ref>  Some writers ascribe this to the failures of socialist organization and leadership, some to the incompatibility of socialism with [[Culture of the United States|American values]], and others to the limitations imposed by the [[Constitution of the United States|United States Constitution]].<ref>Lipset & Marks, p. 11</ref> [[Vladimir Lenin]] and [[Leon Trotsky]] were particularly concerned because it challenged [[Orthodox Marxism|orthodox Marxist]] beliefs that the most advanced industrial country would provide a model for the future of less developed nations. If socialism represented the future, then it should be strongest in the United States.<ref>Lipset & Marks, p. 16</ref> While branches of the [[Working Men's Party (New York)|Working Men's Party]] were founded in the 1820s and 1830s in the United States, they advocated [[land reform]], [[Universal access to education|universal education]] and improved working conditions in the form of [[labor rights]], not [[collective ownership]], disappearing after their goals were taken up by [[Jacksonian democracy]]. [[Samuel Gompers]], the leader of the [[American Federation of Labor]], thought that workers must rely on themselves because any rights provided by government could be revoked.<ref>Lipset & Marks, pp. 19–23</ref>

Economic unrest in the 1890s was represented by [[Populism in the United States|populism]] and the [[People's Party (United States)|People's Party]]. Although using [[Anti-capitalism|anti-capitalist]] rhetoric, it represented the views of small farmers who wanted to protect their own [[private property]], not a call for [[communism]], [[Collectivist anarchism|collectivism]], or [[socialism]].<ref>Draper, pp. 36–37</ref> Progressives in the early 20th century criticized the way capitalism had developed but were essentially middle class and reformist; however, both populism and progressivism steered some people to left-wing politics and many popular writers of the progressive period were left-wing.<ref>Draper, p. 41</ref> Even the [[New Left]] relied on radical democratic traditions rather than left-wing ideology.<ref>Lipset & Marks, p. 23</ref> [[Friedrich Engels]] thought that the lack of a feudal past was the reason for the [[Working class in the United States|American working class]] holding [[Middle class|middle-class]] values. Writing at a time when American industry was developing quickly towards the mass-production system known as [[Fordism]], [[Max Weber]] and [[Antonio Gramsci]] saw [[individualism]] and ''[[laissez-faire]]'' liberalism as core shared American beliefs. According to the historian David De Leon, American radicalism was rooted in [[libertarianism]] and [[syndicalism]] rather than communism, [[Fabian Society|Fabianism]] and [[social democracy]], being opposed to [[Centralisation|centralized]] power and collectivism.<ref>Lipset & Marks, pp. 21–22</ref> The character of the [[Politics of the United States|American political system]] is hostile toward [[Third party (U.S. politics)|third parties]] and has also been presented as a reason for the absence of a strong socialist party in the United States.<ref>Lipset & Marks, p. 83</ref>

[[Political repression]] has also contributed to the weakness of the left in the United States. Many cities had [[Red Squad]]s to monitor and disrupt leftist groups in response to labor unrest such as the [[Haymarket affair|Haymarket Riot]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.nyclu.org/content/testimony-police-surveillance-of-political-activity-history-and-current-state-of-handschu-de|author=Arthur N. Eisenberg|title=Testimony: Police Surveillance of Political Activity – The History and Current State of the Handschu Decree|publisher=New York Civil Liberties Union|access-date=January 14, 2015))</ref> During World War II, the [[Smith Act]] made membership in revolutionary groups illegal. After the war, Senator [[Joseph McCarthy]] used the Smith Act to launch a crusade ([[McCarthyism]]) to purge alleged communists from government and the media. In the 1960s, the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation|FBI]]'s [[COINTELPRO]] program monitored, infiltrated, disrupted and discredited radical groups in the United States.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5161811|author=Ed Gordon|title=COINTELPRO and the History of Domestic Spying|publisher=NPR|date=January 19, 2006))</ref> In 2008, Maryland police were revealed to have added the names and personal information of anti-war protesters and death penalty opponents to a database which was intended to be used for tracking terrorists.<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/10/07/AR2008100703245.html|author=Lisa Rein|title=Md. Police Put Activists' Names On Terror Lists|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=October 8, 2008))</ref> Terry Turchie, a former deputy assistant director of the [[FBI Counterterrorism Division]], admitted that "one of the missions of the FBI in its counterintelligence efforts was to try to keep these people (progressives and self-described socialists) out of office."<ref>((cite web|url=https://lawandcrime.com/high-profile/former-fbi-official-the-fbi-tried-to-keep-progressives-and-socialists-out-of-office-long-after-claiming-otherwise/|author=Colin Kalmbacher|title=Former FBI Official: the FBI Tried to Keep 'Progressives and Socialists Out of Office' Long After Claiming Otherwise|publisher=Law & Crime|date=January 19, 2019))</ref>

==History==
((main|History of left-wing politics in the United States|History of the socialist movement in the United States))

===Origins and developments (~1600s–1900s)===
Many [[Native Americans in the United States|indigenous tribes in North America]] practiced what Marxists would later call [[primitive communism]], meaning they practiced economic cooperation among the members of their tribes.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=g5WTgR3mN2oC&pg=PA40|author=Carl Ratner|title=Cooperation, Community, and Co-Ops in a Global Era|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|date=2012|page=40|isbn=9781461458258))</ref>

The first European socialists to arrive in North America were a Christian sect known as [[Labadists]], who founded the commune of Bohemia Manor in 1683, about ((convert|60|mi)) west of [[Philadelphia]], [[Pennsylvania]]. Their communal way of life was based on the communal practices of the apostles and early Christians.<ref>((cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FPiM8oMA9xgC&pg=PA20| author=Iaácov Oved|title=Two Hundred Years of American Communes|publisher=Transaction Publishers|date=1987|page=20|isbn=9781412840552))</ref>

The first secular American socialists were German [[Marxism|Marxist]] immigrants who arrived following the [[Revolutions of 1848]], also known as [[Forty-Eighters]].<ref name="Draper, pp. 11-12">Draper, pp. 11–12.</ref> [[Joseph Weydemeyer]], a German colleague of [[Karl Marx]] who sought refuge in New York in 1851 following the 1848 revolutions, established the first Marxist journal in the U.S., called ''Die Revolution'', but It folded after two issues. In 1852 he established the ''Proletarierbund'', which would become the American Workers' League, the first Marxist organization in the U.S., but it too was short-lived, having failed to attract a native English-speaking membership.<ref>Coleman, pp. 15–16</ref>

In 1866, [[William H. Sylvis]] formed the [[National Labor Union]] (NLU). Frederich Albert Sorge, a German who had found refuge in New York following the 1848 revolutions, took Local No. 5 of the NLU into the [[International Workingmen's Association|First International]] as Section One in the U.S. By 1872, there were 22 sections, which were able to hold a convention in New York. The General Council of the International moved to New York with Sorge as General Secretary, but following internal conflict, it dissolved in 1876.<ref name="Coleman, pp. 15–17">Coleman, pp. 15–17</ref>

A larger wave of German immigrants followed in the 1870s and 1880s, which included social democratic followers of [[Ferdinand Lassalle]]. Lasalle believed that state aid through political action was the road to revolution and was opposed to trade unionism which he saw as futile, believing that according to the [[iron law of wages]] employers would only pay subsistence wages. The Lassalleans formed the Social Democratic Party of North America in 1874 and both Marxists and Lassalleans formed the [[Workingmen's Party of the United States]] in 1876. When the Lassalleans gained control in 1877, they changed the name to the [[Socialist Labor Party of America|Socialist Labor Party of North America]] (SLP). However, many socialists abandoned political action altogether and moved to trade unionism. Two former socialists, [[Adolph Strasser]] and [[Samuel Gompers]], formed the [[American Federation of Labor]] (AFL) in 1886.<ref name="Draper, pp. 11-12"/>

Anarchists split from the Socialist Labor Party to form the Revolutionary Socialist Party in 1881. By 1885 they had 7,000 members, double the membership of the SLP.<ref>Draper, p. 13.</ref> They were inspired by the International Anarchist Congress of 1881 in London. There were two federations in the United States that pledged adherence to the International. A convention of immigrant anarchists in Chicago formed the International Working People's Association (Black International), while a group of Native Americans in San Francisco formed the International Workingmen's Association (Red International).<ref>Woodcock, p. 395</ref>  Following a [[Haymarket affair|violent demonstration at Haymarket]] in Chicago in 1886, public opinion turned against anarchism. While very little violence could be attributed to anarchists, the attempted murder of a financier by an anarchist in 1892 and the 1901 [[Assassination of William McKinley|assassination]] of the American president, [[William McKinley]], by a professed anarchist led to the ending of political asylum for anarchists in 1903.<ref>Woodcock, p. 397-398</ref>  In 1919, following the [[Palmer Raids]], anarchists were imprisoned and many, including [[Emma Goldman]] and [[Alexander Berkman]], were deported. Yet anarchism again reached great public notice with the trial of the anarchists [[Sacco and Vanzetti]], who would be executed in 1927.<ref>Woodcock, p. 399-400</ref>

[[Daniel De Leon]], who became leader of the SLP in 1890, took it in a Marxist direction. [[Eugene V. Debs]], who had been an organizer for the [[American Railway Union]] formed the rival [[Social Democratic Party of America]] in 1898. Members of the SLP, led by [[Morris Hillquit]] and opposed to the De Leon's domineering personal rule and his anti-AFL trade union policy joined with the Social Democrats to form the [[Socialist Party of America]] (SPA). In 1905, a convention of socialists, anarchists and trade unionists disenchanted with the bureaucracy and [[craft unionism]] of the AFL, founded the rival [[Industrial Workers of the World]] (IWW), led by such figures as [[Bill Haywood|William D. "Big Bill" Haywood]], [[Helen Keller]], De Leon and Debs.<ref>Draper, pp. 14–16.</ref>

The organizers of the IWW disagreed on whether electoral politics could be employed to liberate the working class. Debs left the IWW in 1906, and De Leon was expelled in 1908, forming a rival "Chicago IWW" that was closely linked to the SLP. The (Minneapolis) IWW's ideology evolved into [[anarcho-syndicalism]], or "revolutionary industrial unionism", and avoided electoral political activity altogether.<ref>Draper, pp. 16–17.</ref>  It was successful organizing unskilled migratory workers in the lumber, agriculture, and construction trades in the Western states and immigrant textile workers in the Eastern states and occasionally accepted violence as part of industrial action.<ref>Draper, pp. 21–22.</ref>

The SPA was divided between reformers who believed that socialism could be achieved through gradual reform of capitalism and revolutionaries who thought that socialism could only develop after capitalism was overthrown, but the party steered a center path between the two.<ref>Draper, pp. 22–24.</ref>  The SPA achieved the peak of its success by 1912 when its presidential candidate received 5.9% of the popular vote. The first Socialist congressman, [[Victor L. Berger]], had been elected in 1910. By the beginning of 1912, there were 1,039 Socialist officeholders, including 56 mayors, 305 aldermen and councilmen, 22 police officials, and some state legislators. Milwaukee, Berkeley, Butte, Schenectady, and Flint were run by Socialists. A Socialist challenger to Gompers took one-third of the vote in a challenge for leadership of the AFL. The SPA had 5 English and 8 foreign-language daily newspapers, 262 English and 36 foreign-language weeklies, and 10 English and 2 foreign-language monthlies.<ref>Draper, pp. 41–42.</ref>

American entry into the First World War in 1917 led to a patriotic hysteria aimed against Germans, immigrants, African Americans, class-conscious workers, and Socialists, and the ensuing [[Espionage Act of 1917|Espionage Act]] and [[Sedition Act of 1918|Sedition Act]] were used against them. The government harassed Socialist newspapers, the post office denied the SP use of the mails, and antiwar militants were arrested. Soon Debs and more than sixty IWW leaders were charged under the acts.<ref>Ryan, p. 13.</ref>

===Communist–Socialist split, the New Deal and Red Scares (1910s–1940s)===
((further|First Red Scare|McCarthyism|New Deal coalition))
In 1919, [[John Reed (journalist)|John Reed]], [[Benjamin Gitlow]] and other Socialists formed the [[Communist Labor Party of America]], while Socialist foreign sections led by [[C. E. Ruthenberg]] formed the Communist Party. These two groups would be combined as the [[Communist Party USA]] (CPUSA).<ref>Ryan, p. 16.</ref> The Communists organized the [[Trade Union Unity League]] to compete with the AFL and claimed to represent 50,000 workers.<ref>Ryan, p. 35.</ref>

In 1928, following divisions inside the Soviet Union, [[Jay Lovestone]], who had replaced Ruthenberg as general secretary of the CPUSA following his death, joined with [[William Z. Foster]] to expel Foster's former allies, [[James P. Cannon]] and [[Max Shachtman]], who were followers of [[Leon Trotsky]]. Following another Soviet factional dispute, Lovestone and Gitlow were expelled, and [[Earl Browder]] became party leader.<ref>Ryan, p. 36.</ref>

Cannon, Shachtman, and [[Martin Abern]] then set up the [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] [[Communist League of America]], and recruited members from the CPUSA.<ref>Alexander, pp. 765–767.</ref>  The League then merged with [[A. J. Muste]]'s [[American Workers Party]] in 1934, forming the [[Workers Party of the United States|Workers Party]]. New members included [[James Burnham]] and [[Sidney Hook]].<ref>Alexander, p. 777.</ref>

By the 1930s the Socialist Party was deeply divided between an Old Guard, led by Hillquit, and younger Militants, who were more sympathetic to the Soviet Union, led by [[Norman Thomas]]. The Old Guard left the party to form the [[Social Democratic Federation (United States)|Social Democratic Federation]].<ref>Alexander, p. 784.</ref>  Following talks between the Workers Party and the Socialists, members of the Workers Party joined the Socialists in 1936.<ref>Alexander, p. 786.</ref>  Once inside they operated as a separate faction.<ref>Alexander, p. 787.</ref>  The Trotskyists were expelled from the Socialist Party the following year and set up the [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party]] (SWP) and the youth wing of the Socialists, the [[Young People's Socialist League (1907)|Young People's Socialist League]] (YPSL) joined them.<ref>Alexander, p. 792-793.</ref>  Shachtman and others were expelled from the SWP in 1940 over their position on the Soviet Union and set up the [[Workers Party (United States)|Workers Party]]. Within months many members of the new party, including Burnham, had left.<ref>Alexander, pp. 803–805.</ref>  The Workers Party was renamed the Independent Socialist League (ISL) in 1949 and ceased being a political party.<ref>Alexander, p. 810.</ref>

Some members of the Socialist Party's Old Guard formed the [[American Labor Party]] (ALP) in New York State, with support from the [[Congress of Industrial Organizations]] (CIO). The right-wing of this party broke away in 1944 to form the [[Liberal Party of New York]].<ref>Stedman and Stedman, p. 9</ref> In the 1936, 1940 and 1944 elections the ALP received 274,000, 417,000, and 496,000 votes in New York State, while the Liberals received 329,000 votes in 1944.<ref>Stedman and Stedman, p. 33</ref>

===Civil rights, War on Poverty and the New Left (1950s–1960s)===
((further|Civil rights movement|New Left|War on poverty))
In 1958, the [[Socialist Party of America|Socialist Party]] welcomed former members of the [[Workers Party (United States)#Independent Socialist League|Independent Socialist League]], which before its 1956 dissolution had been led by [[Max Shachtman]]. Shachtman had developed a [[Neo-Marxism|neo-Marxist]] critique of [[Ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet communism]] as "[[bureaucratic collectivism]]", a new form of class society that was more oppressive than any form of capitalism. Shachtman's theory was similar to that of many dissidents and refugees from Communism, such as the theory of the "[[new class]]" proposed by Yugoslavian dissident [[Milovan Djilas]].<ref name="Chenoweth">Page 6: ((cite journal|title=The gallant warrior: In memoriam Tom Kahn|first=Eric|last=Chenoweth|journal=Uncaptive Minds: A Journal of Information and Opinion on Eastern Europe|publisher=Institute for Democracy in Eastern Europe (IDEE)|location=Washington DC|issn=0897-9669|volume=5|issue=20|date=Summer 1992|pages=5–16|url=http://www.democracyforcuba.org/images/stories/media/UM2/vol.5no.2a.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151019124831/http://www.democracyforcuba.org/images/stories/media/UM2/vol.5no.2a.pdf|archive-date=October 19, 2015))</ref> Shachtman's ISL had attracted youth like [[Irving Howe]], [[Michael Harrington]],<ref>Isserman, ''The other American'', p. 116.</ref> [[Tom Kahn]], and Rachelle Horowitz.<ref>((harvtxt|Drucker|1994|p=269))</ref><ref>((harvtxt|Horowitz|2007|p=210))</ref><ref name="KahnMS">((harvtxt|Kahn|2007|pp=254–255)): ((citation|title=Max Shachtman: His ideas and his movement|last=Kahn|first=Tom|journal=Democratiya |volume=11|date=Winter 2007|orig-date=1973|pages=252–259|url=http://www.dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/docs/d11Khan.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210513121621/https://www.dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/docs/d11Khan.pdf|archive-date=May 13, 2021))</ref> The YPSL was dissolved, but the party formed a new youth group under the same name.<ref>Alexander, p. 812-813.</ref>

[[File:A. Philip Randolph 1963 NYWTS.jpg|thumb|Socialist [[A. Philip Randolph]], who led the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom]] at which [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] delivered his speech "[[I Have a Dream]]"]]
Kahn and Horowitz, along with [[Norman Hill]], helped [[Bayard Rustin]] with the [[civil rights movement]]. Rustin had helped to spread [[pacificism]] and [[nonviolence]] to leaders of the civil rights movement, like [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] Rustin's circle and [[A. Philip Randolph]] organized the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|1963 March on Washington]], where Martin Luther King delivered his [[I Have a Dream]] speech.<ref name="Randolph">Jervis Anderson, ''A. Philip Randolph: A Biographical Portrait'' (1973; University of California Press, 1986). ((ISBN|978-0-520-05505-6))</ref><ref name="Rustin">
*Anderson, Jervis. ''Bayard Rustin: Troubles I've Seen'' (New York: HarperCollins Publishers, 1997).
*Branch, Taylor. ''Parting the Waters: America in the King Years, 1954–63'' (New York: Touchstone, 1989).
*D'Emilio, John. ''Lost Prophet: The Life and Times of Bayard Rustin'' (Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2004). ((ISBN|0-226-14269-8))</ref><ref name="RHKahn">((harvtxt|Horowitz|2007|pp=220–222))</ref><ref name="NYTKahn">((cite news|title=Tom Kahn, leader in labor and rights movements, was&nbsp;53|newspaper=The New York Times|date=April 1, 1992|first=Wolfgang|last=Saxon|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/01/nyregion/tom-kahn-leader-in-labor-and-rights-movements-was-53.html))</ref>

[[Michael Harrington]] soon became the most visible socialist in the United States when his ''[[The Other America]]'' became a best seller, following a long and laudatory ''[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]]'' review by [[Dwight Macdonald]].<ref>
*((cite magazine|title=Our invisible poor|first=Dwight|last=MacDonald|author-link=Dwight Macdonald|date=January 19, 1963|magazine=[[The New Yorker]]|url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1963/01/19/1963_01_19_082_TNY_CARDS_000075671#ixzz1SNI25qvI))
*Reprinted in collection: ((cite book|first=Dwight|last=Macdonald|author-link=Dwight Macdonald|title=Discriminations: Essays and afterthoughts 1938–1974|orig-date=1974|year=1985|edition=reprint|publisher=Da Capo Press|isbn=978-0-306-80252-2|chapter=Our invisible poor|url=https://www.newyorker.com/archive/1963/01/19/1963_01_19_082_TNY_CARDS_000075671#ixzz1SNI25qvI))
*Whitfield, Stephen J. (1984) ''A critical American: The politics of Dwight Macdonald''
*Wreszin, Michael (1994) ''A rebel in defense of tradition: The life and politics of Dwight MacDonald''
</ref> Harrington and other socialists were called to Washington, D.C., to assist the [[Presidency of John F. Kennedy|Kennedy Administration]] and then the [[Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson Administration]]'s [[war on poverty]] and [[Great Society]].<ref name="WoPMH">
((cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/21/books/review/Isserman-t.html?_r=1|work=The New York Times|first=Maurice|last=Isserman|author-link=Maurice Isserman|title=Michael Harrington: Warrior on poverty|date=June 19, 2009))</ref>

Shachtman, Harrington, Kahn, and Rustin argued advocated a political strategy called "realignment" that prioritized strengthening labor unions and other progressive organizations that were already active in the Democratic Party. Contributing to the day-to-day struggles of the civil rights movement and labor unions had gained socialists credibility and influence, and had helped to push politicians in the Democratic Party towards "[[Social liberalism|social-liberal]]" or [[Social democracy|social-democratic]] positions, at least on civil rights and the war on poverty.<ref>Isserman, ''The other American'', pp. 169–336.</ref><ref>((harvtxt|Drucker|1994|pp=187–308))<!--((cite book|title=Max Shachtman and his left: A socialist's odyssey through the "American Century"|first=Peter|last=Drucker|publisher=Humanities Press|year=1994|isbn=0-391-03816-8))--></ref>

Harrington, Kahn, and Horowitz were officers and staff-persons of the [[League for Industrial Democracy]] (LID), which helped to start the [[New Left]] [[Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS).<ref>Miller, pp. 24–25, 37, 74–75: c.f., pp. 55, 66–70 : Miller, James. ''Democracy is in the Streets: From Port Huron to the Siege of Chicago''. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1994 ((ISBN|978-0-674-19725-1)).</ref> The three LID officers clashed with the less experienced activists of SDS, like [[Tom Hayden]], when the latter's [[Port Huron Statement]] criticized socialist and liberal opposition to communism and criticized the labor movement while promoting students as agents of social change.<ref>Kirkpatrick Sale, ''SDS'', pp. 22–25.</ref><ref>Miller, pp. 75–76, 112–116, 127–132; c.f. p. 107.</ref><!--Gitlin, I think, notes that such public strong criticisms did not help and might have hindered their efforts at realignment.--> LID and SDS split in 1965, when SDS voted to remove from its constitution the "''exclusion clause''" that prohibited membership by communists:<ref>Kirkpatrick Sale, ''SDS'', p. 105.</ref> The SDS exclusion clause had barred "advocates of or apologists for" "totalitarianism".<ref>Kirkpatrick Sale, ''SDS'', pp. 25–26</ref> The clause's removal effectively invited "disciplined cadre" to attempt to "take over or paralyze" SDS, as had occurred to mass organizations in the thirties.<ref>Gitlin, p. 191.<br/>[[Todd Gitlin]]. [https://www.amazon.com/Sixties-Years-Hope-Days-Rage/dp/0553372122#reader_0553372122 ''The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage''] (1987) ((ISBN|0-553-37212-2)).</ref> Afterwards, [[Marxism–Leninism]], particularly the [[Progressive Labor Party (United States)|Progressive Labor Party]], helped to write "the death sentence" for SDS,<ref>Sale, p. 287.<br />Sale described an "all‑out invasion of SDS by the Progressive Labor Party. PLers—concentrated chiefly in Boston, New York, and California, with some strength in Chicago and Michigan—were positively cyclotronic in their ability to split and splinter chapter organizations: if it wasn't their self‑righteous positiveness it was their caucus‑controlled rigidity, if not their deliberate disruptiveness it was their overt bids for control, if not their repetitious appeals for base‑building it was their unrelenting Marxism". Kirkpatrick Sale, ''SDS'', pp. 253.</ref><ref>"The student radicals had gamely resisted the resurrected Marxist–Leninist sects ..."  (p. 258); "for more than a year, SDS had been the target of a takeover attempt by the Progressive Labor Party, a Marxist–Leninist cadre of Maoists", Miller, p. 284. Miller describes Marxist Leninists also on pages 228, 231, 240, and 254: c.f., p. 268.</ref><ref>Gitlin, p. 191.<br/>[[Todd Gitlin]]. [https://www.amazon.com/Sixties-Years-Hope-Days-Rage/dp/0553372122#reader_0553372122 ''The Sixties: Years of Hope, Days of Rage'' (1987) p. 387] ((ISBN|0-553-37212-2)).</ref><ref>Sale wrote, "SDS papers and pamphlets talked of 'armed struggle,' 'disciplined cadre,' 'white fighting force,' and the need for "a communist party that can guide this movement to victory"; SDS leaders and publications quoted Mao and Lenin and Ho Chi Minh more regularly than Jenminh Jih Pao. and a few of them even sought to say a few good words for Stalin". p. 269.</ref> which nonetheless had over 100 thousand members at its peak.

===SDUSA–SPUSA split, foundation of DSOC–DSA and anti-WTO protests (1970s–1990s)===
((further|Black power movement|History of the hippie movement|New Communist movement))
In 1972, the Socialist Party voted to rename itself as [[Social Democrats, USA]] (SDUSA) by a vote of 73 to&nbsp;34 at its December Convention; its National Chairmen were [[Bayard Rustin]], a peace and civil-rights leader, and [[Charles S. Zimmerman]], an officer of the [[International Ladies Garment Workers Union]] (ILGWU).<ref name="NYTimes">((cite news|title=Socialist Party now the Social Democrats, U.S.A.|newspaper=New York Times|date=December 31, 1972|page=36|author=Anonymous|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1972/12/31/archives/socialist-party-now-the-social-democrats-usa.html|access-date=February 8, 2010))</ref> In 1973, [[Michael Harrington]] resigned from SDUSA and founded the [[Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee]] (DSOC), which attracted many of his followers from the former Socialist Party.<ref name="Iss311">Isserman, p. 311.</ref> The same year, [[David McReynolds]] and others from the pacifist and immediate-withdrawal wing of the former Socialist Party formed the [[Socialist Party USA]].<ref>Isserman, p. 422.</ref>

When the SPA became SDUSA,<ref name="NYTimes"/> the majority had 22 of 33 votes on the (January 1973) national committee of SDUSA. Two minority caucuses of SDUSA became associated with two other socialist organizations, each of which was founded later in 1973. Many members of Michael Harrington's ("Coalition") caucus, with 8 of 33 seats on the 1973 SDUSA national committee,<ref name="NYT73" >((cite news|title='Firmness' urged on <!--CAPITALIZED!-->Communists: Social&nbsp;Democrats reach end of U.S.&nbsp;Convention here|newspaper=New&nbsp;York Times|date=January 1, 1973|page=11|author=Anonymous|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50C15F73F551A7493C3A9178AD85F478785F9))</ref> joined Harrington's DSOC. Many members of the Debs caucus, with 2 of 33 seats on SDUSA's 1973 national committee,<ref name="NYT73" /> joined the Socialist Party of the United States (SPUSA).

From 1979 to 1989, SDUSA members like [[Tom Kahn]] organized the [[AFL-CIO]]'s fundraising of $300,000, which bought printing presses and other supplies requested by [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|''Solidarnosc'' (Solidarity), the independent labor-union of Poland]].<ref name=Horowitz>((harvtxt|Horowitz|2007|pages=204–251))</ref><ref name="Shevis31">((harvtxt|Shevis|1981|p=31)):<br />((cite journal|title=The AFL-CIO and Poland's Solidarity|first=James&nbsp;M.|last=Shevis|journal=World Affairs|volume=144|issue=Summer|year=1981|pages=31–35|publisher=World Affairs Institute|jstor=20671880))</ref><ref>Opening statement by Tom Kahn in  ((harvtxt|Kahn|Podhoretz|2008|p=235)):<br/>((cite journal|title=How to support ''Solidarnosc'': A debate |others=Sponsored by the [[Committee for the Free World]] and the [[League for Industrial Democracy]], with introduction by [[Midge Decter]] and moderation by [[Carl Gershman]], and held at the Polish Institute for Arts and Sciences, New York City in March 1981|last1=Kahn|first1=Tom|author-link1=Tom Kahn|last2=Podhoretz|first2=Norman|author-link2=Norman Podhoretz|journal=Democratiya (Merged with Dissent in 2009)|volume=13|issue=Summer|year=2008|pages=230–261|url=http://www.dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/docs/d13Whole.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111117203844/http://dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/docs/d13Whole.pdf|archive-date=November 17, 2011))</ref> SDUSA members helped form a [[bipartisanship|bipartisan coalition]] (of the Democratic and Republican parties) to support the founding of the [[National Endowment for Democracy]] (NED), whose first President was [[Carl Gershman]]. The NED publicly allocated $4&nbsp;million of public aid to Solidarity <!--via the AFL-CIO--> through 1989.<ref>"The AFL–CIO had channeled more than $4 million to it, including computers, printing presses, and supplies" according to ((harvtxt|Horowitz|2007|p=237)).</ref><ref name="Puddington">((harvtxt|Puddington|2005)):<br/>((cite journal|title=Surviving the underground: How American unions helped solidarity win|first=Arch|last=Puddington|journal=American Educator|issue=Summer|year=2005|publisher=American Federation of Teachers|url=http://www.aft.org/newspubs/periodicals/ae/summer2005/puddington.cfm|access-date=June 4, 2011))</ref>

The [[Democratic Socialists of America]] was founded in 1982 with the goal of running candidates in Democratic primaries and winning.<ref name=":0">((Cite news|date=2023-08-03|title=Has the Socialist Moment Already Come and Gone?|work=The New Republic|url=https://newrepublic.com/article/174658/socialist-come-gone-moment-dsa-bernie-aoc|access-date=2023-08-09|issn=0028-6583))</ref>

In the 1990s, anarchists attempted to organize across North America around [[Anarchism in the United States#Love and Rage|Love and Rage]], which drew several hundred activists. By 1997 anarchist organizations began to proliferate.<ref>Graeber</ref> One successful anarchist movement was [[Food Not Bombs]], that distributed free vegetarian meals. Anarchists received significant media coverage for their disruption of the 1999 [[World Trade Organization]] conference, called the [[1999 Seattle WTO protests|Battle in Seattle]], where the [[Direct Action Network]] was organized. Most organizations were short-lived and anarchism went into decline following a reaction by the authorities that was increased after the [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001.

===Occupy, Bernie Sanders campaigns and DSA electoral victories (2000s–present)===
((further|Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign|Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign))
[[File:Bernie Sanders 2016 (27049475591).jpg|thumb|240x240px|[[Bernie Sanders]] is considered one of the most influential political figures of the contemporary American Left.]]
In the [[Ralph Nader 2000 presidential campaign|2000 presidential election]], [[Ralph Nader]] and [[Winona LaDuke]] received 2,882,000 votes or 2.74% of the popular vote on the [[Green Party of the United States|Green Party]] ticket.<ref name="Federal Elections Commission">((cite web|url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/fe2000/prespop.htm|title=2000 Presidential Popular Vote Summary for all Candidates Listed on at Least One State Ballot|publisher=Federal Elections Commission|date=December 2001))</ref><ref name="Monthly Review">((cite magazine|url=http://monthlyreview.org/2001/02/01/the-nader-campaign-and-the-future-of-u-s-left-electoral-politics/|title=The Nader Campaign and the Future of U.S. Left Electoral Politics|magazine=Monthly Review|date=February 2001))</ref>

Filmmaker [[Michael Moore]] directed a series of popular movies examining the United States and its government policy from a left-wing perspective, including ''[[Bowling for Columbine]]'', ''[[Sicko]]'', ''[[Capitalism: A Love Story]]'' and ''[[Fahrenheit 9/11]]'', which was the top grossing documentary film of all time.<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.boxofficemojo.com/genres/chart/?id=documentary.htm|title=Documentary|website=Box Office Mojo|access-date=February 25, 2015))</ref>

According to ''[[The New Republic]]'', Barack Obama's victory in the [[2008 United States presidential election]] "would thrill and then embitter a generation of leftists." with "Millennials curious about socialism [being] drawn to" Obama, "especially as he successfully repelled the avatar of the Democratic establishment, Hillary Clinton. In office, however, Obama veered to the economic center, tapping Rahm Emanuel as his chief of staff and allowing fiscal moderates like Timothy Geithner and Larry Summers to steer the recovery from the economic crash."<ref name=":0"/>

In 2011, [[Occupy Wall Street]] protests demanding accountability for the [[2007–2008 financial crisis]] and against inequality started in [[Manhattan]], [[New York City|New York]] and soon spread to other cities around the country, becoming known more broadly as the [[Occupy movement]].<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/08/occupy-america-protests-financial-crisis|author=Joanna Walters|title=Occupy America: protests against Wall Street and inequality hit 70 cities|newspaper=The Guardian|date=October 8, 2011))</ref>

[[Kshama Sawant]] was elected to the [[Seattle]] City Council as an openly socialist candidate in 2013. She was re-elected in 2015.<ref name="Kevin Roose">((cite web|url=https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/05/kshama-sawant-seattle-socialist.html|author=Kevin Roose|title=Meet the Seattle Socialist Leading the Fight for a $15 Minimum Wage|publisher=nymag.com|date=May 26, 2014))</ref><ref name="Joseph Kishore">((cite web|url=http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/11/20/sawa-n20.html|author=Joseph Kishore|title=Socialist Alternative candidate wins in Seattle City Council election|publisher=World Socialist Web Site|date=November 20, 2013))</ref><ref name="Kirk Johnson">((cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/29/us/a-rare-elected-voice-for-socialism-pledges-to-be-heard-in-seattle.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|author=Kirk Johnson|title=A Rare Elected Voice for Socialism Pledges to Be Heard in Seattle|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 28, 2013))</ref>

[[Bernie Sanders]], a self-described [[Democratic socialism|democratic socialist]] who runs as an [[Independent politician|independent]],<ref>((cite news|url=http://www.desmoinesregister.com/story/news/elections/presidential/candidates/2015/01/12/bernie-sanders-iowa-caucus-candidate-profile/20457543/|title=Bernie Sanders|newspaper=The Des Moines Register|date=January 16, 2015))</ref> won his first election as mayor of [[Burlington, Vermont]] in 1981 and was re-elected for three additional terms. He then represented [[Vermont]] in the U.S. House of Representatives from 1991 until 2007, and was subsequently elected U.S. Senator for Vermont in 2007, a position which he still holds.<ref>((cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/itsallpolitics/2014/11/19/365024592/sen-bernie-sanders-on-how-democrats-lost-white-voters|author=Steve Inskeep|title=Sen. Bernie Sanders On How Democrats Lost White Voters|publisher=NPR|date=November 19, 2014))</ref><ref>((cite magazine|url=https://www.vice.com/read/bernie-sanders-is-building-a-revolution-to-challenge-hillary-clinton-in-2016|author=Grace Wyler|title=Bernie Sanders Is Building a 'Revolution' to Challenge Hillary Clinton in 2016|magazine=Vice|date=October 6, 2014))</ref><ref>((cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/oct/21/bernie-sanders-socialist-vermont-interview|author=Paul Harris|title=Bernie Sanders: America's No. 1 socialist makes his move into the mainstream|newspaper=The Guardian|date=October 21, 2011))</ref> Although he did not win the [[2016 Democratic Party presidential primaries|2016 Democratic Party presidential nomination]], Sanders won the fifth highest number of primary votes of any candidate in a nomination race, Democratic or Republican, and had caused an upset in Michigan and many other states.<ref>((cite news|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/was-the-democratic-primary-a-close-call-or-a-landslide/|author=Nate Silver|title=Was The Democratic Primary A Close Call Or A Landslide?|work=FiveThirtyEight|date=July 27, 2016))</ref>

[[Democratic Socialists of America]] member [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] defeated ten-term incumbent [[Joe Crowley]] in the [[New York's 14th congressional district|NY-14 U.S. House]] primary and went on to win her general election. She is the youngest woman ever elected to Congress and ran on a [[Progressivism in the United States|progressive]] platform. Broadly, the modern American Left is characterized by organizations like the Democratic Socialists of America, the largest socialist organization in the US with over 90,000 members. The DSA has seen a huge resurgence in growth with [[Bernie Sanders 2016 presidential campaign|Bernie Sanders' 2016 presidential campaign]] and continues to grow despite having had a membership of around 5,000 members only a decade ago. Unlike other parts of the modern left like the [[Socialist Equality Party (United States)|Socialist Equality Party]], the DSA is not a political party and its affiliated candidates usually run on a Democratic or independent ticket. The most widely circulated socialist publication in the US, ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]'', along with other leftist publications, like ''Dissent'' and ''Monthly Review'', have all become increasingly popular with the resurgence of [[democratic socialism]] post-Sanders and Ocasio-Cortez.((cn|date=November 2023))

== Political currents ==
=== Anarchism ===
((Main|Anarchism in the United States))
Anarchism in the United States first emerged from [[Individualist anarchism in the United States|individualistic]], [[free-thinking]], and [[utopian socialism]] as typified by the work of thinkers such as [[Josiah Warren]] and [[Henry David Thoreau]]. This was overshadowed by a mass, cosmopolitan, and working-class movement between the 1880s and 1940s, whose members were mostly recent immigrants, including those of German, Italian, Jewish, Mexican, and Russian descent.<ref>((cite web| url=http://d-scholarship.pitt.edu/7910/| author=Kenyon Zimmer| title="The Whole World is Our Country": Immigration and Anarchism in the United States, 1885–1940| publisher=University of Pittsburgh| date=2010))</ref>

Prominent figures of this period include [[Albert Parsons]] and [[Lucy Parsons]], [[Emma Goldman]], [[Carlo Tresca]], and [[Ricardo Flores Magón]]. The anarchist movement achieved notoriety due to [[Haymarket affair|violent clashes with police]], [[Assassination of William McKinley|assassinations]], and sensational [[First Red Scare|Red Scare]] propaganda, but most anarchist activity took place in the realm of agitation and labor organizing among largely immigrant workers. Anarchist organizations include:
* [[Anarchist Black Cross]]<ref name="Amster, p. xii"/>
* [[Anarchist People of Color]]
* [[Anarchism in the United States#Late 20th century and contemporary times|Black Rose Anarchist Federation/Federación Anarquista Rosa Negra]]
* [[Anarchism in the United States#Late 20th century and contemporary times|First of May Anarchist Alliance]]
* [[Food Not Bombs]]<ref name="Amster, p. xii">Amster, p. xii</ref>
* [[Green Mountain Anarchist Collective]]
* [[Industrial Workers of the World]]<ref>Amster, p. 3</ref>
* [[International Working People's Association]]
* [[Local to Global Justice]]<ref name="Amster, p. xii"/>
* [[Revolutionary Socialist League (U.S.)|Revolutionary Socialist League]]
* [[Union of Russian Workers]]
* [[Workers Solidarity Alliance]]<ref name="Amster, p. xii"/>
* [[Youth International Party]]

=== De Leonism ===
[[De Leonism]], occasionally known as Marxism–De Leonism, is a [[Libertarian Marxism|libertarian Marxist]] ideological variant developed by the American activist [[Daniel De Leon]].

==== Socialist Labor Party ====
((main|Socialist Labor Party of America))
Founded in 1876, the Socialist Labor Party (SLP) was a reformist party but adopted the theories of [[Karl Marx]] and [[Daniel De Leon]] in 1900, leading to the defection of reformers to the new [[Socialist Party of America]] (SPA). It contested elections, including every election for President of the United States from 1892 to 1976. Some of its prominent members included [[Jack London]] and [[James Connolly]]. By 2009 it had lost its premises and ceased publishing its newspaper, ''The People''.<ref>ALB</ref>

In 1970, a group of dissidents left the SLP to form Socialist Reconstruction. Socialist Reconstruction then expelled some of its dissidents, who formed the Socialist Forum Group.<ref>Alexander, p. 932</ref>

=== Democratic socialism and social democracy ===
((Social democracy sidebar))
The [[Socialist Party of America]] was founded in 1901. [[Eugene Debs]] ran as the party's presidential candidate five times and received 6% of the popular vote in 1912. The party suffered political repression during [[World War I]] due to its [[pacifism|pacifist]] stance and broke into factions over whether or not to support the [[October Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]] in Russia and whether or not to join the [[Comintern]]. The Socialist Party was re-formed in the mid-1920s but stopped running candidates after 1956, having been undercut by [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]]'s [[New Deal]] and the resulting leftward movement of the Democratic Party to its right, and by the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]] on its left. In the early 1970s, the party split into tiny factions.

After 1960 the Socialist Party also functioned "as an educational organization".<ref>((harvtxt|Hamby|2003|loc=p.&nbsp;25, footnote&nbsp;5)):
((cite journal|first=Alonzo L.|last=Hamby|author-link=Alonzo Hamby|year=2003|title=Is there no democratic left in America? Reflections on the transformation of an ideology|journal=Journal of Policy History|volume=15|issue=The future of the democratic left in industrial democracies|pages=3–25|doi=10.1353/jph.2003.0003|s2cid=144126978))</ref> Members of the Debs–Thomas Socialist Party helped to develop leaders of social-movement organizations, including the civil-rights movement and the New Left.<ref>[[Aldon Morris]], ''The Origins of the Civil Rights Movement: Black Communities Organizing for Change'' (New York: The Free Press, 1994)</ref><ref>[[Maurice Isserman]]. ''If I Had a Hammer...The Death of the Old Left and the Birth of the New Left'' (Basic Books, 1987). ((ISBN|0-465-03197-8)).</ref> Similarly, contemporary social-democratic and democratic-socialist organizations are known because of their members' activities in other organizations.

==== Democratic Socialists of America ====
((main|Democratic Socialists of America))
((See also|List of Democratic Socialists of America members who have held office in the United States))
[[Michael Harrington]] resigned from Social Democrats, USA early in 1973. He rejected the SDUSA (majority Socialist Party) position on the Vietnam War, which demanded an end to bombings and a negotiated peace settlement. Harrington called rather for an immediate cease fire and immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam.<ref>((harvtxt|Drucker|1994|pp=303–307))</ref> Even before the December 1972 convention, Michael Harrington had resigned as an Honorary Chairperson of the Socialist Party.<ref name="NYTimes"/> In the early spring of 1973, he resigned his membership in SDUSA. That same year, Harrington and his supporters formed the [[Democratic Socialist Organizing Committee]] (DSOC). At its start, DSOC had 840 members, of which 2 percent served on its national board; approximately 200 had been members of [[Social Democrats, USA]] or its predecessors<!--(the [[Socialist Party of America#Realignment, civil rights movement and the War on Poverty|Socialist Party Social Democratic Federation]], "formerly the Socialist Party, USA"),--> whose membership was then 1,800, according to a 1973 profile of Harrington.<ref>((harvtxt|O'Rourke|1993|pp=195–196)):<br />((cite book|last=O'Rourke|first=William|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5iUJfPxlTCcC&pg=PA195|chapter=L: Michael Harrington|title=Signs of the literary times: Essays, reviews, profiles, 1970–1992'|pages=192–196|publisher=SUNY Press|series=The Margins of Literature (SUNY Series)|year=1993|isbn=978-0-7914-1681-5))

Originally: ((cite journal|last=O'Rourke|first=William|title=Michael Harrington: Beyond Watergate, Sixties, and reform|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5iUJfPxlTCcC&q=Michael+Harrington&pg=PA197|pages=6–7|journal=SoHo Weekly News|volume=3|number=2|date=November 13, 1973|isbn=9780791416815))</ref>

The DSOC became a member of the [[Socialist International]]. It supported progressive Democrats including DSOC member Congressman [[Ron Dellums]] and worked to help network activists in the Democratic Party and in labor unions.<ref>Isserman, pp. 312–331: Isserman, Maurice (2001) ''The Other American: The Life of Michael Harrington.''  New York: Perseus Books.</ref>

In 1982, the DSOC established the Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) upon merging with the [[New American Movement]], an organization of democratic socialists mostly from the New Left.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=O4h5AAAAIAAJ&q=DSOC%2C+NAM Isserman, p. 349]: Isserman, Maurice (2001) ''The Other American: The Life of Michael Harrington.''  New York: Perseus Books.</ref> Its high-profile members included Congressman [[Major Owens]], Congresswoman [[Rashida Tlaib]], Congresswoman [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], Congressman Ron Dellums, multiple state legislators ([[Sara Innamorato]], [[Lee J. Carter]], [[Summer Lee]], [[Julia Salazar]]), and [[William Winpisinger]],  President of the [[International Association of Machinists]].<ref>[[List of Democratic Socialists of America members who have held office in the United States]]</ref>((Circular reference|date=February 2020)) In 2019 at the Democratic Socialists of America convention in Atlanta, Georgia, DSA confirmed its support for Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] in the [[2020 United States presidential election]].<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/mar/21/democratic-socialists-of-america-bernie-sanders-2020|title=Democratic Socialists of America back Bernie: 'The best chance to beat Trump'|first=Adam|last=Gabbatt|date=March 22, 2019|via=www.theguardian.com))</ref>

Since the [[2016 United States presidential election]], the DSA has grown to more than 50,000 members, making it the largest socialist organization in the United States.<ref>DSA 🌹 [@DemSocialists] (September 2, 2018). "It's official -- we now have 50,000 members!" (Tweet). Retrieved September 2, 2018 – via Twitter.</ref> In 2017, DSA left the Socialist International, citing its support of [[neoliberal]] economic policies.<ref>((Cite web|url=http://www.leftvoice.org/DSA-Votes-for-BDS-Reparations-and-Out-of-the-Socialist-International|title=DSA Votes for BDS, Reparations, and Out of the Socialist International))</ref>

==== Social Democrats, USA ====
((main|Social Democrats, USA))
The Socialist Party of America changed its name to Social Democrats, USA (SDUSA) in 1972.<ref name="NYTimes"/> In electoral politics, SDUSA's National Co-chairman [[Bayard Rustin]] stated that its goal was to transform the Democratic Party into a social-democratic party.<ref name="NYT74">((cite news|title=Socialists seek to transform the Democratic Party|first=C. Gerald|last= Fraser|newspaper=The New York Times |date=September 7, 1974 |page=11
|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1974/09/07/80424252.pdf ))</ref> SDUSA sponsored a conferences that featured discussions and debates over proposed resolutions, some of which were adopted as organizational statements. For these conferences, SDUSA invited a range of academic, political, and labor-union leaders. These meetings also functioned as reunions for political activists and intellectuals, some of whom worked together for decades.<ref>((cite journal|first=Harold |last=Meyerson |author-link=Harold Meyerson |date=Fall 2002 |volume=49 |number=4 |title=Solidarity, Whatever |url=http://www.dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=552 |journal=Dissent |page=16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620144233/http://dissentmagazine.org/article/?article=552 |archive-date=June 20, 2010 |df=mdy ))((clarify|date=September 2011|reason= Params "issue=" and "number=" are synonyms – cannot have both))</ref>

Many SDUSA members served as organizational leaders, especially in labor unions. Rustin served as President of the [[A.&nbsp;Philip Randolph Institute]],<ref>See
* ((cite book|last=Anderson|first=Jervis|title=Bayard Rustin: Troubles I've seen|location=New York|publisher=HarperCollins Publishers|year=1997|isbn=9780060167028|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9ix2AAAAMAAJ&q=Tom+Kahn ))*((cite book|author-link=John D'Emilio|last=D'Emilio|first=John|title=Lost prophet: Bayard Rustin and the quest for peace and justice in America|location=New York|publisher=The Free Press|year=2003 |isbn=978-0-684-82780-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhqxlhZ888C&q=Kahn&pg=PT235))
* Republished as ((cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6uhqxlhZ888C&q=Kahn&pg=PT235 |title=Lost prophet: The life and times of Bayard Rustin |location=Chicago |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |year=2004 |isbn=0-226-14269-8 ))</ref> and was succeeded by [[Norman Hill]]. [[Tom Kahn]] served as Director of International Affairs for the AFL–CIO.<ref name="NYTKahn"/> [[Sandra Feldman]] served as President of the [[American Federation of Teachers]] (AFT).<ref name="FeldmanNYT">((cite news|title=Sandra Feldman, scrappy and outspoken labor leader for teachers, dies at 65|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Joseph|last=Berger |date=September 20, 2005|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/09/20/nyregion/20feldman.html?sq=Sandra%20Feldman&st=cse&scp=2&pagewanted=all))</ref> Rachelle Horowitz served as Political Director for the AFT and serves on the board for the [[National Democratic Institute for International Affairs|National Democratic Institute]]. Other members of SDUSA specialized in international politics. [[Penn Kemble]] served as the acting director of the [[U.S. Information Agency]] in the [[Presidency of Bill Clinton]].<ref name="Holley" >((cite news|title=Political activist Penn Kemble dies at&nbsp;64|first=Joe|last=Holley|newspaper=The Washington Post |date=October 19, 2005 |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/18/AR2005101801743_pf.html))</ref><ref name="times">((cite news|newspaper=[[The Times]] |location=London |title=Penn&nbsp;Kemble: Dapper Democratic Party activist whose influence extended across the spectrum of US politics (21&nbsp;January&nbsp;1941 –15&nbsp;October&nbsp;2005) |date=October 31, 2005 |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article584709.ece))</ref> After having served as the U.S. Representative to the U.N.'s Committee on human rights during the first [[Reagan Administration]],<ref name="Nossiter">((cite news|title=New team at U.N.: Common roots and philosophies|first=Bernard D.|last=Nossiter|newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 3, 1981 |edition=Late City final |at=section A, p. 2, col. 3 ))</ref> [[Carl Gershman]] has served as the President of the [[National Endowment for Democracy]].<ref name="NED">((cite web|url=http://www.ned.org/about/president.html |title=Meet Our President |access-date=August 5, 2008 |publisher=[[National Endowment for Democracy]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080426072715/http://www.ned.org/about/president.html |archive-date=April 26, 2008 |df=mdy ))</ref>

==== Socialist Party USA ====
((main|Socialist Party USA))
In the Socialist Party before 1973, members of the Debs Caucus opposed endorsing or otherwise supporting Democratic Party candidates. They began working outside the Socialist Party with antiwar groups such as the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]]. Some locals voted to disaffiliate with SDUSA and more members resigned; they re-organized as the Socialist Party USA (SPUSA) while continuing to operate the old Debs Caucus paper, the ''Socialist Tribune'', later renamed ''The Socialist''. The SPUSA continues to run local and national candidates, including [[Dan La Botz]]' 2010 campaign for US Senate in Ohio that won over 25,000 votes and Pat Noble's successful election onto the [[Red Bank Regional High School]] Board of Education in 2012 and subsequent re-election in 2015. The SPUSA has run or endorsed a presidential ticket in every election since its founding, most recently nominating Greens party co-founder and activist [[Howie Hawkins]] in the 2020 presidential election.

((Christian democracy sidebar))

=== Christian democracy ===

==== American Solidarity Party ====
((Main articles|American Solidarity Party))The American Solidarity Party (ASP) is a [[fiscally progressive]] and [[Social conservatism in the United States|socially conservative]] [[Christian-democratic]] political party with a [[social-democratic]] faction in the United States.<ref name="Black20162">((cite web|last=Black|first=Susannah|date=15 August 2016|title=Mr. Maturen Goes to Washington|url=http://www.frontporchrepublic.com/2016/08/mr-maturen-goes-washington/|access-date=16 August 2016|publisher=[[Front Porch Republic]]|language=en|quote=What's next may be hinted at by a 51 year old devout Catholic, businessman, and semi-professional magician named Mike Maturen, who recently accepted the presidential nomination of the American Solidarity Party, the only active Christian Democratic party in the nation.))</ref><ref name="ASPWeb_CD3">((Cite web|title=Christian Democracy|url=https://solidarity-party.org/christian-democracy-2/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116020329/https://solidarity-party.org/christian-democracy-2/|archive-date=November 16, 2018|access-date=18 July 2018|website=American Solidarity Party))</ref> It favors a [[social market economy]] with a [[distributist]] flavor,<ref name="ASPWeb_CD3"/><ref name="auto">((cite news|date=12 October 2016|title=Did you know there's a third party based on Catholic teaching?|work=Catholic News Agency|url=https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/did-you-know-theres-a-third-party-based-on-catholic-teaching-45272|access-date=1 January 2020|quote=We believe in the economic concept of distributism as taught by GK Chesterton and Hilaire Belloc.))</ref> and seeks "widespread economic participation and ownership" through supporting small business,<ref name="auto" /> as well as providing a [[social safety net]] programs. It also has a minor [[anti-capitalism]] faction.<ref>Liberation Caucus of ASP 🧡, & (Liberation Caucus of the American Solidarity Party). (2021, October 28). Thread: What is the Liberation Caucus? We are a voting bloc caucus of @AmSolidarity, with members of varying backgrounds, unified by common principles. We seek to dismantle capitalism, racism and misogyny, and promote an ownership society through deliberative democracy. [Tweet]. @LiberationASP. https://twitter.com/LiberationASP/status/1453750965803393026</ref> The party's name was inspired by [[Solidarity (Polish trade union)|Solidarity]] (''Solidarnosc''), the independent labor union of Poland.<ref>((Cite web|title=Platform ((!))|url=https://solidarity-party.org/about-us/platform/|access-date=2021-09-30|language=en-US|archive-date=June 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610024059/https://solidarity-party.org/about-us/platform/))</ref>

=== Green politics ===
==== Green Party of the United States ====
((main|Green Party of the United States))((Green politics sidebar))
The Green Party of the United States is a [[Eco-socialism|eco-socialist]] party whose platform emphasizes environmentalism, non-hierarchical participatory democracy, social justice, respect for diversity, peace, and nonviolence.<ref>((cite book| author=Larry J. Sabato and Howard R. Ernst| title=Encyclopedia of American Political Parties and Elections| publisher=Infobase Publishing| date=2009| page=167))</ref><ref>((cite web| url=https://indypendent.org/2014/10/28/meet-howie-hawkins-anti-cuomo| author=John Tarleton| title=Meet Howie Hawkins, the Anti-Cuomo| publisher=The Indypendent| date=October 28, 2014))</ref><ref>((cite web| url=http://www.greens.org/s-r/24/24-15b.html| author=Howie Hawkins| title=The Green Party and the Future of the US Left| publisher=Greens.org| date=November 2001))</ref><ref>((cite news| url=https://www.greenleft.org.au/node/57704| title=United States: Greens become NY's third party after strong left campaign| newspaper=Green Left Weekly| date=November 6, 2014))</ref><ref>((cite web| url=https://www.npr.org/blogs/politicaljunkie/2012/07/09/156167263/the-green-party-makes-its-case-as-a-left-leaning-alternative-to-obama| author=Ken Rudin| title=The Green Party Makes Its Case As A Left-Leaning Alternative To Obama| publisher=NPR| date=July 9, 2012))</ref> At their 2016 party convention in Houston, the party changed its platform to support a decentralized form of [[eco-socialism]] based on [[workplace democracy]].<ref>((cite web| url=https://londongreenleft.blogspot.jp/2016/08/us-green-party-convention-adopts.html| title=US Green Party Convention Adopts an Ecosocialist Position| publisher=London Green Left Blog| date=August 8, 2016))</ref><ref>((cite web| url=http://gp.org/cgi-bin/vote/propdetail?pid=835| title=2016 Platform Amendment Proposal Ecological Economics| publisher=Green Party of the United States| access-date=October 1, 2016| archive-date=February 12, 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200212062949/https://gp.org/cgi-bin/vote/propdetail?pid=835| url-status=dead))</ref>

In the [[Ralph Nader presidential campaign, 2000|2000 presidential election]], [[Ralph Nader]] and [[Winona LaDuke]] received 2,882,955 votes or 2.74% of the popular vote.<ref>((cite web| url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2000presgeresults.htm| title= 2000 OFFICIAL PRESIDENTIAL GENERAL ELECTION RESULTS| publisher=Federal Election Commission| date=December 2001))</ref>

In the [[2016 United States presidential election|2016 election]], Green Party presidential candidate [[Jill Stein]] and running mate [[Ajamu Baraka]] qualified to be on the ballot in 44 states and the District of Columbia, with 3 additional states allowing write-in votes.<ref>((cite web| url=http://www.jill2016.com/ballot_access| title=Americans in 48 States Can Cast a Vote for Stein/Baraka| publisher=Jill2016| access-date=October 1, 2016))</ref><ref>((cite web| url=http://ivn.us/2016/09/02/green-party-ballot-access-highest-levels-2016/| author=Kathryn Bullington| title=Green Party Ballot Access at Highest Levels in 2016| publisher=Independent Voter Project| date=September 2, 2016))</ref>

The [[Greens/Green Party USA]] is a much smaller group focusing on education and local, grassroots organizing.

=== Marxism–Leninism ===
((Socialism sidebar))
[[Marxism–Leninism]] has been advocated and practiced by American communists of many kinds, including [[Communist International|pro-Soviet]], [[Trotskyist]], [[Maoist]], or [[Independent (voter)|independent]].<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 95</ref>

==== American Party of Labor ====
The American Party of Labor was founded in 2008 and adheres to [[Hoxhaism]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.loeser.us/flags/hate.html|title=Historical Flags of Our Ancestors - Flags of Extremism - Part 1 (a-m)|website=www.loeser.us|access-date=May 11, 2019))</ref> It has its origins in the activities of the American communist [[Jack Shulman]], former secretary of [[Communist Party USA]] leader [[William Z. Foster]]; and the British Marxist-Leninist [[Bill Bland]]. Members of the American Party of Labor had previously been active in Alliance Marxist-Leninist and International Struggle Marxist-Leninist, two organizations founded by Shulman and Bland. The present-day APL sees itself as upholding and continuing the work of Shulman and Bland. Although not a formal member of the [[International Conference of Marxist–Leninist Parties and Organizations (Unity & Struggle)]], the APL is generally supportive of its line and maintains friendly relations with a number of foreign communist parties including the [[Chilean Communist Party (Proletarian Action)]], the Turkish [[Labour Party (Turkey)|Labour Party]] (EMEP), the [[Labour Party of Iran]], and the [[Communist Party of Great Britain (Marxist–Leninist)]].

It has been involved in a number of events, such as a 2013 protest against the [[Golden Dawn (political party)|Golden Dawn]] in [[Chicago]],<ref>((cite web|url=https://www.workers.org/2013/01/24/chicago-protesters-say-no-to-greek-fascists/|title=Chicago protesters say 'No' to Greek fascists|first=Eric|last=Struch|date=January 24, 2013|access-date=May 11, 2019))</ref> a 2014 meeting on the Ukraine<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.fightbacknews.org/2014/4/15/chicago-forum-us-role-ukraine-fascists-attempt-disruption|title=Chicago forum on U.S. role in Ukraine: fascists attempt disruption|website=Fight Back! News|access-date=May 11, 2019))</ref> and a protest against [[Donald Trump]] at the [[2016 Republican National Convention]].<ref>((cite web|url=http://www.fightbacknews.org/2016/6/20/support-grows-dump-trump-protest-planned-day-one-republican-national-convention|title=Support grows for "Dump Trump" protest planned for day one of Republican National Convention|website=Fight Back! News|access-date=May 11, 2019))</ref> A significant program of the American Party of Labor is "Red Aid: Service to the People", which involves providing food, clothing and other assistance to the poor and homeless in impoverished communities, and has been established in multiple US cities.<ref>((cite web |url=https://www.evrensel.net/daily/327324/here-in-the-very-belly-of-imperialism-you-have-comrades|title=Here in the very belly of imperialism, you have comrades|date= July 24, 2017|website=[[Evrensel]]|access-date=July 28, 2019 ))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://www.americanpartyoflabor.com/our-history|title=Who We Are |website=americanpartyoflabor.org |access-date=July 28, 2019))</ref><ref>((cite web |url=https://theredphoenixapl.org/2018/06/28/red-aid-service-to-the-people/|title=Red Aid: Service to the People|date=June 28, 2018 |website=The Red Phoenix |access-date=July 28, 2019 ))</ref>

Its current organ, ''The Red Phoenix'', carries articles concerning contemporary political issues and theoretical and historical questions.

==== Communist Party USA ====
((main|Communist Party USA))
Established in 1919, the Communist Party USA (CP) claimed a membership of 100,000 in 1939 and maintained a membership over 50,000 until the 1950s. However, the 1956 invasion of Hungary, [[McCarthyism]] and investigations by the [[House Unamerican Activities Committee]] (HUAC) contributed to its steady decline despite a brief increase in membership from the mid-1960s. Its estimated membership in 1996 was between 4,000 and 5,000.<ref>George & Wilcox, pp. 97–98</ref> From the 1940s, the FBI attempted to disrupt the CP, including through its [[COINTELPRO|Counter‐Intelligence Program]] (COINTELPRO).<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 103</ref>

Several [[Communist front]] organizations founded in the 1950s continued to operate at least into the 1990s, notably the Veterans of the [[Abraham Lincoln Brigade]], the [[American Committee for the Protection of Foreign Born]], the [[Labor Research Association]], the [[National Council of American Soviet Friendship|National Council of American-Soviet Friendship]], and the U.S. Peace Council. Other groups with less direct links to the CP include the [[National Lawyers Guild]], the [[National Emergency Civil Liberties Committee]], and the [[Center for Constitutional Rights]].<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 98</ref> Many leading members of the [[New Left]], including some members of the [[Weather Underground]] and the [[May 19th Communist Organization]] were members of the National Lawyers Guild.<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 99</ref> However, CP attempts to influence the New Left were mostly unsuccessful.<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 101</ref> The CP attracted media attention in the 1970s with the membership of the high-profile activist, [[Angela Davis]].<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 103-104</ref>

The CP publishes the ''[[People's World]]'' and ''[[Political Affairs]]''. Beginning in 1988, the CP stopped running candidates for President of the United States.<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 102</ref> After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, it was found that the Soviet Union had provided funding to the CP throughout its history. The CP had always supported the positions of the Soviet Union.<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 105</ref>

==== Freedom Road Socialist Organization ====
((main|Freedom Road Socialist Organization))
The Freedom Road Socialist Organization (FRSO) was founded in 1985 through the mergers of [[Maoism|Maoist]] and [[Marxism-Leninism|Marxist–Leninist]] organizations active near the end of the [[New Communist Movement]]. The FRSO grew out of an initial merger of the Proletarian Unity League and the Revolutionary Workers Headquarters. Some years later, the Organization for Revolutionary Unity and the Amilcar Cabral/Paul Robeson Collective merged into the FRSO.

In 1999, the FRSO split into two organizations, both of which retain the FRSO name to this day. The split primarily concerned the organization's continued adherence to Marxism–Leninism, with one side of the FRSO upholding Marxism–Leninism and the other side preferring to pursue a strategy of regrouping and rebuilding the Left in the United States. These organizations are commonly identified through their publications, which are ''Fight Back! News'' and ''Freedom Road'', and their websites, (frso.org) and (freedomroad.org), respectively.

In 2010, members of the FRSO (frso.org) and other anti-war and international solidarity activists were raided by the FBI. Secret documents left by the FBI revealed that agents planned to question activists about their involvement in the FRSO (frso.org) and their international solidarity work related to [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia|Colombia]] and [[Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine|Palestine]].<ref>((cite web|title=FBI Interview Questions for FRSO|url=http://www.stopfbi.net/sites/default/files/3-Interrogation%20Questions.pdf|publisher=Committee to Stop FBI Repression|access-date=2013-04-25|archive-date=January 17, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117080048/http://www.stopfbi.net/sites/default/files/3-Interrogation%20Questions.pdf|url-status=dead))</ref> The FRSO (frso.org) works in the Committee to Stop FBI Repression.

Both FRSO groups continue to uphold the right of national self-determination for [[African-Americans]] and [[Chicanos]]. The FRSO (frso.org) works in the labor movement, the student movement, and the oppressed nationalities movement.

==== Party for Socialism and Liberation ====
((main|Party for Socialism and Liberation))
The Party for Socialism and Liberation was formed in 2004 as a result of a split in the Workers World Party. The San Francisco, Los Angeles and Washington, D.C. branches left almost in their entirety and the party has grown significantly since then.((Citation needed|date=October 2010))  The new party took control of the Worker's World Party front organization [[Act Now to Stop War and End Racism]] (A.N.S.W.E.R.) at the time of the split.<ref name="Reuters"/>

Following the 2010 [[Deepwater Horizon oil spill]] in the Gulf of Mexico, A.N.S.W.E.R. organized the "Seize BP" campaign, which organized demonstrations calling for the U.S. federal government to seize BP's assets and place them in trust to pay for damages.<ref>Sherman</ref>

The PSL has also been active in the antiracist movement, participating in protests across the country throughout 2020.<ref>((cite web |url= https://indianapolisrecorder.com/what-the-party-for-socialism-and-liberation-wants-you-to-understand/|title= What the Party for Socialism and Liberation Wants You to Understand|last= Fenwick|first= Tyler|date= 10 December 2020|website= indianapolisrecorder.com|publisher= Indianapolis Recorder|access-date= 18 February 2021|quote=))</ref><ref>((cite web |url= https://www.alaskasnewssource.com/content/news/The-group-behind-many-Anchorage-BLM-protests-571497501.html?ref=501|title= At Most Black Lives Matter Protests: Who Is PSL?|last= CLark|first= Taylor|date= 25 June 2020|website= alaskasnewssource.com|publisher= Gray Television, Inc.|access-date= 18 February 2021|quote=))</ref> Several organizers in their Denver branch were arrested for their involvement in protests against the [[death of Elijah McClain]].<ref>((cite web |url= https://www.denverpost.com/2020/09/17/aurora-denver-police-protesters-arrested-riot/|title= Protesters, demonstration leaders arrested in connection to rallies in Aurora|last= |first= |date= 17 September 2020|website= denverpost.com|publisher= MediaNews Group, Inc|access-date= 29 January 2021|quote=))</ref>

==== Progressive Labor Party ====
((main|Progressive Labor Party (United States)))
The Progressive Labor Party (PL) was formed as the Progressive Labor Movement in 1962 by a group of former members of the Communist Party USA, most of whom had quit or been expelled for supporting China in the Sino-Soviet split. To them, the Soviet Union was imperialist. They competed with the CP and SWP for influence in the anti-war movement and the [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS), forming the ''May 2 Movement'' as its anti-war front organization.<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 147</ref> Its major publications are ''Progressive Labor'' and the ''Marxist–Leninist Quarterly''.<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 148</ref> They later abandoned Maoism, refusing to follow the line of any foreign country and formed the front group, the [[International Committee Against Racism]] (InCAR), in 1973. Much of their activity included violent confrontations against far-right groups, such as Nazis and Klansmen.<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 150</ref> While membership in 1978 was about 1,500, by 1996 it had fallen below 500.<ref>George &
Wilcox, p. 151</ref>

==== Revolutionary Communist Party, USA ====
((main|Revolutionary Communist Party, USA))
Formed in 1969 as the Bay Area Revolutionary Union (BARU), the Revolutionary Communist Party (RCP) had almost one thousand members in twenty-five states by 1975. Its main founder and long-time leader, [[Bob Avakian]], a [[Students for a Democratic Society (1960 organization)|Students for a Democratic Society]] (SDS) organizer had fought off attempts for control of the SDS by the Progressive Labor Party. The party has been unwaveringly [[Maoist]].<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 159</ref> Working through the [[U.S.-China Peoples Friendship Association]], the party arranged for visits by Americans to China.<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 160</ref> Their newspaper, ''Revolutionary Worker'' has featured articles supportive of Albania and North Korea, while the party, unusually for the Left, has been hostile to [[Desegregation busing in the United States|school busing]], the [[Equal Rights Amendment]] (ERA), and gay rights. The party fell out of favour with the Chinese government after the death of [[Mao Zedong]], partly because of the personality cult of the RCP leader. By the mid-1990s the party numbered fewer than 500 members.<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 161</ref>

==== Workers World Party ====
((main|Workers World Party))
The Workers World Party (WWP) was formed in 1958 by fewer than one hundred people who left the Socialist Workers Party after the SWP supported socialists in New York State elections. Their publication is ''[[Workers World newspaper|Workers World]]''. The party's position has developed from Trotskyism to independent Marxism–Leninism, supporting all Marxist states. They have been active in organizing protests against far-right groups. They were also notable for being the main US supporter of the former [[Derg|Ethiopian communist government]]. In the 1990s their membership was estimated at 200.<ref>George & Wilcox, pp. 153–154</ref>

Their front group, [[Act Now to Stop War and End Racism]] (A.N.S.W.E.R.) organized the early protests against the war in Iraq, which brought hundreds of thousands of protesters to Washington, D.C. before the war had even begun.<ref>Bérubé, pp. 130–131</ref> However, following a split in the party in 2004, some members left to form the [[Party for Socialism and Liberation]], taking leadership of A.N.S.W.E.R. with them. The Workers World Party then formed the [[Troops Out Now Coalition]].<ref name="Reuters">Reuters</ref>

=== Trotskyism ===
Many [[Trotskyist]] parties and organizations exist that advocate communism. These groups are distinct from Marxist–Leninist groups in that they generally adhere to the theory and writings of [[Leon Trotsky]]. Many owe their organizational heritage to the Socialist Workers Party, which emerged as a split-off from the CP.

==== Freedom Socialist Party ====
((main|Freedom Socialist Party))
The Freedom Socialist Party began in 1966 as the Seattle branch of the Socialist Workers Party that had split from the party and joined with others who had not belonged to the SWP. They differed with the SWP on the role of African Americans, whom they saw as being the future vanguard of the revolution, and of women, emphasizing their rights, which they called "[[socialist feminism]]". [[Clara Fraser]] came to lead the party and was to form the group [[Radical Women]].<ref>Alexander, p. 936</ref>

==== International Marxist Tendency ====
The US Section of the International Marxist Tendency is an American [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] organization formed in 2002. The IMT is inspired by the theories of [[Karl Marx]], [[Friedrich Engels]], [[Vladimir Lenin]], and [[Leon Trotsky]], as well as British Trotskyist [[Ted Grant]], and publishes a regular newspaper called ''[https://socialistrevolution.org/ Socialist Revolution]'' (formerly ''Socialist Appeal''). It also supports a publishing house called [https://www.marxistbooks.com/ Marxist Books]. The organization argues for a break with the Democrats and Republicans, and the formation of a mass working-class party with a socialist program.<ref>url=https://socialistrevolution.org/# ((Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190112164200/https://socialistrevolution.org/ |date=January 12, 2019 ))</ref>

==== International Socialist Organization ====
((main|International Socialist Organization))
The International Socialist Organization (ISO) was a group founded in 1977 as a section of the [[International Socialist Tendency]] (IST). The organization held [[Leninism|Leninist]] positions on [[imperialism]] and considered itself a [[Vanguardism|vanguard party]], preparing the ground for a revolutionary party to hypothetically succeed it. The organization held a [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] critique of nominally socialist states, which it considered class societies. In contrast to this, the ISO advocated the tradition of "socialism from below". It was strongly influenced by the perspectives of [[Hal Draper]] and [[Tony Cliff]]. It broke from the IST in 2001 but continued to exist as an independent organization for the next eighteen years.

The ISO emphasized educational work on the socialist tradition. Branches also took part in [[Opposition to the Iraq War|activism against the Iraq War]], against police brutality, against the death penalty, and in labor strikes, among other social movements. At its peak in 2013, the group had as many as 1500 members. The organization argued that it was the largest [[Revolutionary socialism|revolutionary socialist]] group in the United States at that time. The ISO found itself in crisis early 2019, largely stemming from a scandal over the leadership's response to a 2013 sexual misconduct case. The ISO voted to dissolve itself in March 2019.

==== Socialist Action ====
((main|Socialist Action (United States)))
Socialist Action was formed in 1983 by members, almost all of whom had been expelled from the Socialist Workers Party. Its members remained loyal to Trotskyist principles, including "[[permanent revolution]]", that they claimed the SWP had abandoned. Strongly critical of authoritarian regimes, including the Soviet Union and Iran, it championed socialist revolution in third world countries. It was an active participant in the Cleveland Emergency National Conference in September 1984, set up to challenge American policy in Central America, and played a major role in organizing demonstrations against American action against the [[Sandanista]] rebels in Nicaragua.<ref>Kleher, pp. 68–69</ref>

==== Socialist Alternative ====
((main|Socialist Alternative (United States)))
Although Socialist Alternative has sometimes pursued a democratic socialist strategy, most notably in Seattle where [[Kshama Sawant]] was elected to the [[Seattle]] City Council as an openly socialist candidate in 2013.,<ref name="Kevin Roose"/><ref name="Joseph Kishore"/><ref name="Kirk Johnson"/> it identifies as a Trotskyist political organization. Socialist Alternative is the U.S. affiliate of the [[International Socialist Alternative]], which is a Brussels-based international of Trotskyist political parties.

==== Socialist Equality Party ====
((main|Socialist Equality Party (United States)))
The Socialist Equality Party (SEP) is a political party that formed after a 1964 ideological rupture with [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party]] over the issue of their support of the [[Fidel Castro]] government in Cuba, The SEP are composed of Trotskyists and are affiliated with the [[World Socialist Web Site]].

==== Socialist Workers Party ====
((main|Socialist Workers Party (United States)))
With fewer than one thousand members in 1996, the Socialist Worker's Party (SWP) was the second-largest Marxist–Leninist party in the United States.<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 113</ref>  Formed by supporters of [[Leon Trotsky]], they believed that the Soviet Union and other Communist states remained "worker's states" and should be defended against reactionary forces, although their leadership had sold out the workers. They became members of the [[Trotskyist]] [[Fourth International]].<ref>George & Wilciox, p. 108-109</ref>  Their publications include [[The Militant]] and a theoretical journal, the [[International Socialist Review (1956)|International Socialist Review]].<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 108</ref>  Two groups that broke with the SWP in the 1960s were the [[Spartacist League (US)|Spartacist League]] and the Workers League (which would later evolve into the [[Socialist Equality Party (United States)|Socialist Equality Party]]).<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 109</ref>  The SWP has been involved in numerous violent scuffles.<ref name="George & Wilcox, p. 110">George & Wilcox, p. 110</ref>  In 1970 the party successfully sued the FBI for COINTELPRO, where the FBI opened and copied mail, planted informants, wiretapped members' homes, bugged conventions, and broke into party offices.<ref>George & Wilcox, p. 112</ref>  The party fields candidates for President of the United States.<ref name="George & Wilcox, p. 110"/>

==== Solidarity ====
((main|Solidarity (United States)))<!--1986-->
Solidarity is a socialist organization associated with the journal ''Against the Current''. Solidarity is an organizational descendant of [[International Socialists (U.S.)|International Socialists]], a [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] organization based on the proposition that the [[Soviet Union]] was not a "degenerate workers' state" (as in [[orthodox Trotskyism]]) but rather "[[bureaucratic collectivism]]", a new and especially repressive class society.<ref>((cite book|title=Labor's war at home: The CIO in World War&nbsp;II|first=Nelson|last=Lichtenstein|author-link=Nelson Lichtenstein|chapter=Introduction to the new edition|year=2003|edition=second|isbn=1-59213-197-2|publisher=Temple University Press|page=xxiii (footnote&nbsp;2)|url=http://www.temple.edu/tempress/chapters_1400/1693_ch1.pdf|location=Philadelphia&nbsp;PA|access-date=July 12, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100605035547/http://www.temple.edu/tempress/chapters_1400/1693_ch1.pdf|archive-date=June 5, 2010))</ref>

==== Spartacist League ====
((main|International Communist League (Fourth Internationalist)|Spartacist League (US)))
The Spartacist League was formed in 1966 by members of the Socialist Workers Party who had been expelled two years earlier after accusing the SWP of adopting "petty bourgeois ideology". Beginning with a membership of around 75, their numbers dropped to 40 by 1969 although they grew to several hundred in the early 1970s, with Maoists disillusioned with China's new foreign policy joining the group.<ref name="Klehr, pp. 70-73">Klehr, pp. 70–73</ref>

The League saw the Soviet Union as a "[[deformed workers' state]]", and supported it over some policies. It is committed to Trotskyist "[[permanent revolution]]", rejecting Mao's peasant guerilla warfare model. The group's publication is ''[[Workers Vanguard]]''. Much of the group's activity has involved stopping Ku Klux Klan and Nazi rallies.<ref name="Klehr, pp. 70-73"/>

== Notable figures and current publications ==
=== People ===
* [[Bob Avakian]] – chairman of the [[Revolutionary Communist Party, USA]]
* [[Bill Ayers]] – co-founder and co-leader of the [[Weather Underground]]
* [[John Bachtell]] – chairman of the [[Communist Party USA]]
* [[General Baker]] – leader of the League of Revolutionary Black Workers
* [[Roger Nash Baldwin]] – founding member of the [[American Civil Liberties Union|ACLU]]
* [[Jack Barnes (politician)|Jack Barnes]] – [[Socialist Workers Party (United States)|Socialist Workers Party]] leader
* [[Harry Belafonte]] – singer, civil rights and social activist
* [[Edward Bellamy]] – [[utopian socialist]] author
* [[Victor L. Berger]] – [[Socialist Party of America]] congressman
* [[Grace Lee Boggs]] – Chinese-American Marxist
* [[James Boggs (activist)|James Boggs]] - African-American Marxist
* [[Murray Bookchin]] – anarchist and libertarian socialist theorist
* [[Earl Browder]] – Communist Party leader
* [[James P. Cannon]] – leader of the Socialist Workers Party
* [[Cesar Chavez]] – [[United Farm Workers]] leader
* [[Noam Chomsky]] – linguistics academic and anarchist activist
* [[Angela Davis]] – Communist Party leader
* [[Dorothy Day]] – founding member of the [[Catholic Worker Movement]]
* [[Daniel De Leon]] – [[Marxism|Marxist]] [[Theoretician (Marxism)|theoretician]] and newspaper editor
* [[Eugene V. Debs]] – Socialist Party of America leader and presidential candidate
* [[David Dellinger]] – Socialist Party of America leader and pacifist
* [[Ron Dellums]] – Socialist congressman from California
* [[Farrell Dobbs]] – leader of the Socialist Workers Party
* [[Hal Draper]] – Young Peoples Socialist League leader and socialist intellectual
* [[W. E. B. Du Bois]] – Sociologist, historian, and civil rights activist
* [[Barbara Ehrenreich]] – co-chair of Democratic Socialists of America
* [[Albert Einstein]] – physicist
* [[Jane Fonda]] - [[New Left]] antiwar activist, actor, [[Campaign for Economic Democracy|CED]] founder, climate activist
* [[William Z. Foster]] – Communist Party leader
* [[Gil Green (communist)|Gil Green]] – Young Communist and Communist Party USA leader
* [[Emma Goldman]] – anarchist activist
* [[Laurence Gronlund]] – utopian socialist author
* [[Horace Greeley]] - Utopian socialist newspaper editor, representative and Presidential candidate
* [[Gus Hall]] – Communist Party leader and presidential candidate
* [[Dashiell Hammett]] – author
* [[Fred Hampton]] - Black Panther
* [[Michael Harrington]] – democratic socialist activist
* [[Tom Hayden]] – [[New Left]] activist and California assemblyman
* [[Bill Haywood]] – [[Industrial Workers of the World|IWW]] labor activist
* [[Chris Hedges]] – dissident academic and Presbyterian Minister
* [[Alger Hiss]] – [[United States Department of State|State Department]] official, accused [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] spy
* [[Abbie Hoffman]] – [[Youth International Party|Yippie]] activist
* [[Irving Howe]] – democratic socialist activist
* [[Mother Jones|Mary Harris "Mother" Jones]] – IWW labor activist
* [[Tom Kahn]] – social democratic, civil rights and labor activist
* [[Helen Keller]] – author and activist
* [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] – civil rights activist
* [[Gloria La Riva]] – ten-time [[Perennial candidate|perennial]] presidential candidate for the [[Workers World Party]] and the [[Party for Socialism and Liberation]]
* [[Jack London]] – author
* [[Meyer London]] – Socialist Party of America congressman
* [[Vito Marcantonio]] – Socialist congressman from New York
* [[Sam Marcy]] – chairman of the Workers World Party
* [[Michael Moore]] - award-winning documentary filmmaker, author, podcaster
* [[A. J. Muste]] – pacifist, labor and civil rights activist
* [[Immanuel Ness]] – labor activist
* [[Huey P. Newton]] – leader of the Black Panther Party
* [[David North (socialist)|David North]] - World Socialist Web Site
* [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]] – [[United States House of Representatives|Representative]] for [[New York's 14th congressional district]] and democratic socialist
* [[Robert Dale Owen]] - Utopian socialist, Indiana politician
* [[Michael Parenti]] - academic
* [[Hasan Piker]] – political commentator and [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] streamer
* [[A. Philip Randolph]] – civil rights and labor leader
* [[Adolph L. Reed Jr.]] – political scientist, academic, and Marxist
* [[John Reed (journalist)|John Reed]] – journalist
* [[Paul Robeson]] – actor, civil rights and labor activist
* [[Jerry Rubin]] – Yippie activist
* [[Bayard Rustin]] – pacifist and civil rights activist
* [[C. E. Ruthenberg]] – Communist Party leader
* [[Bernie Sanders]] – Independent democratic socialist Senator and Democratic presidential candidate in the 2016 and 2020 presidential elections
* [[Margaret Sanger]] – reproductive rights and labor activist
* [[Kshama Sawant]] – [[Trotskyism|Trotskyist]] activist and member of the [[Seattle City Council]]
* [[Max Shachtman]] – Marxist theorist and activist
* [[Irwin Silber]] – Marxist journalist
* [[Upton Sinclair]] – author and socialist politician
* [[Jill Stein]] – Green Party presidential candidate
* [[I. F. Stone]] – journalist
* [[Paul Sweezy]] – Marxist economist and journalist
* [[Norman Thomas]] – Socialist Party of America leader and presidential candidate
* [[Benjamin Tucker]] – anarchist and libertarian socialist thinker
* [[Mark Twain]] – author
* [[Henry A. Wallace]] – Former Vice President and presidential candidate of the [[Progressive Party (United States, 1948–1955)|Progressive Party]] in 1948.
* [[Cornel West]] – dissident academic
* [[Tim Wohlforth]] – Trotskyist leader
* [[Richard D. Wolff]] – academic
* [[Malcolm X]] – civil rights activist
* [[Howard Zinn]] – academic

=== Publications ===
((main|List of alternative media (U.S. political left)))<!-- sorted by start date - not obvious -->
* ''[[The New Hampshire Gazette]]'', fortnightly, press run 5,500, founded 1756.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>
* ''[[The Nation]]'', weekly, established 1865. Circulation 190,000.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144">((cite book| author=Richard Lingeman | title=The Nation Guide to the Nation| publisher=Vintage| date=2009))</ref>
* ''[[The Progressive]]'', monthly, established 1909.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>
* ''[[Monthly Review]]'', monthly, established 1949. Circulation 7,000.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>
* ''[[Dissent (American magazine)|Dissent]]'', quarterly, established 1954.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>
* ''[[Texas Observer]]'', established 1954.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>
* ''[[Fifth Estate (periodical)|Fifth Estate]]'', quarterly, established 1965.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>
* ''[[Review of Radical Political Economics]]'', quarterly, established 1968.
* ''[[Dollars & Sense]]'', bimonthly, established 1974.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>
* ''[[Mother Jones (magazine)|Mother Jones]]'', bimonthly, established 1974.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>
* ''[[In These Times (publication)|In These Times]]'', monthly, established 1976. Circulation 17,000.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>
* ''[[Z Communications#Z Magazine|Z Magazine]]'', monthly established 1977. Circulation 10,000 print and 6,000 online subscribers.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>
* ''[[Labor Notes]]'', monthly, established 1979.
* ''[[Utne Reader]]'', bimonthly, established 1984. Circulation 150,000.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>
* ''[[Left Business Observer]]'', established 1986.
* ''[[The American Prospect]]'', monthly, established 1990. Circulation 55,000.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>* ''[[The Baffler]]'', established 1988.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>
* ''[[CounterPunch]]'', semi-monthly, established 1994. 
* [[CrimethInc.]], anarchist publishing collective established 1996.
* ''[[Working USA]]'', quarterly, established 1997.<ref>((cite web|title=Post-Capitalist Project|url=http://postcapitalistproject.org/|publisher=Consortia Website|access-date=19 November 2012))</ref>
* ''[[The Indypendent]]'', published 17 times per year, established 2000.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>
* ''[[Truthout]]'', website, established 2001. 
* ''[[Left Turn]]'', website, established 2001.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>
* ''[https://socialistrevolution.org/# Socialist Revolution]''<ref>((Cite web|url=https://socialistrevolution.org/|title=Socialist Revolution ((!)) IMT|website=Socialist Revolution|access-date=2019-01-10))</ref> (formerly ''Socialist Appeal''), established 2001.
* ''Black Commentator'', web-only weekly, established 2002.<ref name="Lingeman, pp. 117-144"/>
* ''[[Jacobin (magazine)|Jacobin]]'', established 2010.
* ''[[It's Going Down (collective)|It's Going Down]]'', established 2016.

== Public officeholders ==
=== Communist Party USA ===
==== Wisconsin ====
# [[Wahsayah Whitebird]] – Member of the [[Ashland, Wisconsin]] city-council.<ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.apg-wi.com/ashland_daily_press/paywall/whitebird-defeats-mettille-in-ashland-district/article_bce4a146-55b8-11e9-a43f-c3abcad2fbc7.html|title=Whitebird defeats Mettille in Ashland District 6|last=OLIVO|first=RICK|website=APG of Wisconsin|language=en|access-date=2019-08-09))</ref><ref>((Cite web|url=https://www.peoplesworld.org/article/native-american-communist-topples-incumbent-council-president-in-wisconsin-town/|title=Native American communist topples incumbent council president in Wisconsin town|last=Johnson|first=Earchiel|date=2019-05-07|website=People's World|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-09))</ref>

=== Green Party of the United States ===
There have been at least 65 officeholders for the Green Party of the United States.<ref>((cite web| url=http://www.gp.org/officeholders| title=Officeholders| publisher=Green Party of the United States| access-date=May 15, 2016))</ref>

==== Arkansas ====
# Alvin Clay – Justice of the Peace Mississippi County, District 6 Elected: 2012
# Kade Holliday – County Clerk Craighead County, Arkansas Elected: 2012
# Roger Watkins – Constable Craighead County, District 5 Elected: 2012

==== California ====
((colbegin|colwidth=30em))
# [[Daniel Hamburg|Dan Hamburg]] – Board of Supervisors, District 5, Mendocino County
# Bruce Delgado – Mayor, Marina (Monterey County)
# Larry Bragman – Town Council, Fairfax (Marin County)
# Renée Goddard – Town Council, Fairfax (Marin County)
# John Reed – Town Council, Fairfax (Marin County)
# Gayle Mclaughlin – City Council, Richmond (Contra Costa)
# Deborah Heathersone – Town Council, Point Arena (Mendocino County)
# Paul Pitino – Town Council, Arcata (Humboldt County)
# John Keener (politician)|John Keener – City Council, Pacifica (San Mateo County)
# Vahe Peroomian – Board of Trustees, Glendale Community College District, Glendale (Los Angeles County)
# Amy Martenson – Board of Trustees, District 2, Napa Valley College, Napa (Napa County)
# April Clary – Board of Trustees, Student Representative, Napa Valley College, Napa (Napa County)
# Heather Bass – Board of Directors, Gilroy Unified School District, Gilroy, Santa Clara County
# Dave Clark – Board of Directors, Cardiff School District (San Diego County)
# Phyllis Greenleaf – Board of Trustees, Live Oak Elementary School District (Santa Cruz County)
# Adriana Griffin – Red Bluff Union School District, Red Bluff (Tehama County)
# Jim C. Keller – Board of Trustees, Bonny Doon Union Elementary School District, Santa Cruz County
# Brigitte Kubacki – Governing Boardmember, Green Point School, Blue Lake (Humboldt County)
# Jose Lara – Vice President and Governing Board Member, El Rancho Unified School District, Pico Rivera (Los Angeles)
# Kimberly Ann Peterson – Board of Trustees, Geyserville Unified School District (Sonoma County)
# Karen Pickett (politician)|Karen Pickett – Board Member, Canyon Canyon Elementary School District (Contra Costa County)
# Kathy Rallings – Board of Trustees, Carlsbad Unified School District, Carlsbad, San Diego County
# Sean Reagan – Governing Boardmember, Norwalk-La Mirada Unified School District, Norwalk (Los Angeles County)
# Curtis Robinson – Board of Trustees, Area 6, Marin County Board of Education (Marin County)
# Christopher Sabec (politician)|Christopher Sabec – Governing Boardmember, Lagunitas School District (Marin County)
# Katherine Salinas – Governing Boardmember, Arcata School District, Arcata (Humboldt County)
# Jeffrey Dean Schwartz – Governing Boardmember, Arcata School District, Arcata (Humboldt County)
# Alex Shantz – Board of Trustees, St. Helena Unified School District, Napa County
# Dana Silvernale – Governing Boardmember, North Humboldt Union High School (Humboldt County)
# Jim Smith (politician)|Jim Smith – President, Canyon School Board, Canyon Township (Contra Costa County)
# Logan Blair Smith – Little Shasta Elementary School District, Montague (Shasta County)
# Rama Zarcufsky – Governing Boardmember, Maple Creek School District (Humboldt County)
# John Selawsky – Rent Stabilization Board, Berkeley (Alameda County)
# Jesse Townley – Rent Stabilization Board, Berkeley (Alameda County)
# Jeff Davis (politician)|Jeff Davis – Board of Directors, Alameda-Contra Costa Transit District (Alameda and Contra Costa Counties)
# Karen Anderson (politician)|Karen Anderson – Board of Directors, Coastside Fire Protection District (San Mateo County)
# Robert L. Campbell – Scotts Valley Fire District (Santa Cruz County)
# William Lemos – Fire Protection District, Mendocino (Mendocino County)
# Russell Pace – Board of Directors, Willow Creek Fire District (Humboldt County)
# John Abraham Powell – Board of Directors, Montecito Fire District, Montecito (Santa Barbara County)
# Larry Bragman – Board of Directors, Division 3, Marin Municipal Water District Board (Marin County)
# James Harvey (politician)|James Harvey – Board of Directors, Montara Water and Sanitary District (San Mateo County)
# Randy Marx – Board of Directors, Fair Oaks Water District, Division 4 (Sacramento County)
# Jan Shriner – Board of Directors, Marina Coast Water District (Monterey County)
# Kaitlin Sopoci-Belknap – Board of Directors, Humboldt Bay Municipal Water District, Division 1 (Humboldt County)
# James Barone – Boardmember, Rollingwood-Wilart Recreation and Parks District (Contra Costa County)
# William Hayes (California politician)|William Hayes – Board of Directors, Mendocino Coast Park and Recreation District (Mendocino County)
# Illijana Asara – Board of Directors, Community Service District, Big Lagoon (Humboldt County)
# Gerald Epperson – Board of Directors, Crocket Community Services District, Contra Costa County
# Joseph Gauder – Boardmember, Covelo Community Services District, Covelo (Mendocino County)
# Crispin Littlehales – Boardmember, Covelo Community Services District, Covelo (Mendocino County)
# George A. Wheeler – Board of Directors, Community Service District, McKinleyville (Humboldt County)
# Mathew Clark – Board of Directors, Granada Sanitary District (San Mateo County)
# Nanette Corley – Director, Resort Improvement District, Whitehorn (Humboldt County)
# Sylvia Aroth – Outreach Officer, Venice Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
# Robin Doyno – At-Large Community Officer, Mar Vista Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
# Janine Jordan – District 4 Business Representative, Mid-Town North Hollywood Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
# Jack Lindblad – At Large Community Stakeholder, North Hollywood Northeast Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
# Johanna A. Sanchez – Secretary, Historic Highland Park Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
# Johanna A. Sanchez – At-Large Director, Historic Highland Park Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
# Marisol Sanchez (politician)|Marisol Sanchez – Area 1 Seat, Boyle Heights Neighborhood Council, Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
# William Bretz – Crest/Dehesa/Harrison Canyon/Granite Hill Planning Group (San Diego County)
# Claudia White – Member, Descanso Community Planning Group (San Diego County)
# Annette Keenberg – Town Council, Lake Los Angeles (Los Angeles County)
# Rama Zarcufsky – Governing Boardmember, Maple Creek School District (Humboldt County)
((colend))

=== Socialist Alternative ===
==== Washington ====
{|class=wikitable
|-
!Election year
!No. of [[Seattle City Council]] members
!% of Seattle City Council members
!+/-
|-
!2013
|((composition bar|0|9|hex=Red))
|0
|+1
|-
!2015
|((composition bar|1|9|hex=Red))
|11.11
|
|-
!2019
|((composition bar|1|9|hex=Red))
|11.11
|
|-
|}
# [[Kshama Sawant]] – [[Seattle City Council]], Position 2

=== Socialist Party USA ===
==== New Jersey ====
{|class=wikitable
|-
!Election year
!No. of [[Red Bank Regional High School]] Board of Education members
!% of Red Bank Regional High School Board of Education members
!+/-
|-
!2012
|((composition bar|0|9|hex=Red))
|0
|+1
|-
!2015
|((composition bar|1|9|hex=Red))
|11.11
|
|-
|}
# Pat Noble – Member of the [[Red Bank Regional High School]] Board of Education for [[Red Bank, New Jersey|Red Bank]]

=== Vermont Progressive Party ===
# [[David Zuckerman (politician)|David Zuckerman]] – Lieutenant Governor
# [[Doug Hoffer]] – State Auditor
# [[Tim Ashe]] – Pro Tem of the [[Vermont Senate]]
# [[Christopher Pearson (Vermont politician)|Chris Pearson]] – Member of the [[Vermont Senate]]
# [[Anthony Pollina]] – Member of the [[Vermont Senate]]
# Mollie S. Burke – Member of the [[Vermont House of Representatives]]
# Robin Chesnut-Tangerman – Member of the [[Vermont House of Representatives]]
# Diana Gonzalez – Member of the [[Vermont House of Representatives]]
# [[Sandy Haas]] – Member of the [[Vermont House of Representatives]]
# Selene Colburn – Member of the [[Vermont House of Representatives]]
# Brian Cina – Member of the [[Vermont House of Representatives]]
# Jane Knodell – Burlington City Council President (Central District)
# Max Tracy – Burlington City Council (Ward 2)
# Sara Giannoni – Burlington City Council (Ward 3)
# Wendy Coe – Ward Clerk (Ward 2)
# Carmen Solari – Inspector of Elections (Ward 2)
# Kit Andrews – Inspector of Elections (Ward 3)
# Jeremy Hansen – Berlin Select Board
# Steve May  Richmond Select Board
# [[Susan Hatch Davis]] – Former Member of the [[Vermont House of Representatives]]
# Dexter Randel  Former Member of the [[Vermont House of Representatives]] & Former Troy Select Board
# Bob Kiss – Former Mayor of Burlington
# Peter Clevelle – Former Mayor of Burlington
# David Van Deusen – Former Moretown Select Board & Former First Constable

=== Working Families Party ===
==== Connecticut ====
# [[Ed Gomes]] – Member of the [[Connecticut Senate]] from the 23rd district

==== New York ====
# [[Diana Richardson]] – Member of the [[New York State Assembly]] from the 43rd district

== See also ==
* [[African-American leftism]]
* [[Espionage Act of 1917]]
* [[Handschu agreement]]
* [[History of the socialist movement in the United States]]
* [[House Un-American Activities Committee]]
* [[Liberalism in the United States]]
* [[Millennial socialism]]
* [[Modern liberalism in the United States]]
* [[Progressivism in the United States]]
* [[Red Scare]]

== References ==
((reflist))

== Bibliography ==
((refbegin|40em))
* ALB (2009–10) "The SLP of America: a premature obituary?" ''Socialist Standard''. Retrieved 2010-05-11.[http://www.worldsocialism.org/spgb/oct09/page18.html ]((Dead link|date=October 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes ))
* Alexander, Robert J. ''International Trotskyism, 1929–1985: a documented analysis of the movement''. United States of America: Duke University Press, 1991. ((ISBN|0-8223-0975-0))
* Amster, Randall. ''Contemporary anarchist studies: an introductory anthology of anarchy in the academy''. Oxford, UK: Taylor & Francis, 2009 ((ISBN|0-415-47402-7))
* Archer, Robin. ''Why Is There No Labor Party in the United States?''. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007. ((ISBN|978-0-691-12701-9))
* Bérubé, Michael. ''The Left at war''. New York: New York University Press, 2009 ((ISBN|0-8147-9984-1))
* [[Mari Jo Buhle|Buhle, Mari Jo]]; [[Paul Buhle|Buhle, Paul]] and [[Dan Georgakas|Georgakas, Dan]]. ''Encyclopedia of the American left'' (Second edition). Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. ((ISBN|0-19-512088-4))
* Busky, Donald F. ''Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey''. Westport: Praeger Publishers, 2000. ((ISBN|0-275-96886-3))
* Coleman, Stephen. ''Daniel De Leon''. Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, 1990 ((ISBN|0-7190-2190-1))
* Draper, Theodore.  ''The roots of American Communism''. New York: Viking Press, 1957. ((ISBN|0-7658-0513-8))
* ((cite book|title=Max Shachtman and his left: A socialist's odyssey through the "American Century"|first=Peter|last=Drucker|publisher=Humanities Press|year=1994|isbn=0-391-03816-8))
* George, John and Wilcox, Laird. ''American Extremists: Militias, Supremacists, Klansmen, Communists & Others''. Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1996. ((ISBN|1-57392-058-4))
* Graeber, David. "The rebirth of anarchism in North America, 1957–2007" in ''Contemporary history online'', No. 21, (Winter, 2010)
* ((cite journal|title=Tom Kahn and the fight for democracy: A political portrait and personal recollection|first=Rachelle|last=Horowitz|url=http://www.dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/article_pdfs/d11Horowitz.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091012183407/http://dissentmagazine.org/democratiya/article_pdfs/d11Horowitz.pdf|archive-date=2009-10-12|journal=Democratiya (Merged with Dissent in 2009)|volume=11|year=2007))
* Isserman, Maurice. ''The other American: the life of Michael Harrington''. New York: Public Affairs, 2000. ((ISBN|1-58648-036-7))
* Klehr, Harvey. ''Far Left of Center: The American Radical Left Today''. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers, 1988. ((ISBN|0-88738-875-2))
* Liebman, Arthur. ''Jews and the Left''. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1979. ((ISBN|978-0-471-53433-4))
* Lingeman, Richard. ''The Nation Guide to the Nation''. New York: Vintage Books, 2009. ((ISBN|0-307-38728-3))
* Lipset, Seymour Martin and Marks, Gary. ''It didn't happen here: why socialism failed in the United States''. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. 2001. ((ISBN|0-393-04098-4))
* Reuters. "U.S. protests shrink while antiwar sentiment grows". Oct 3, 2007 12:30:17 GMT Retrieved September 20, 2010.[http://www.alertnet.org/thenews/newsdesk/N02410338.htm Humanitarian | Thomson Reuters Foundation News]
* Ryan, James G. ''Earl Browder: the failure of American Communism''. Tuscaloosa and London: The University of Alabama Press, 1997. ((ISBN|0-8173-0843-1))
* Sherman, Amy. "Demonstrators to gather in Fort Lauderdale to rail against oil giant BP", the ''Miami Herald''. May 12, 2010 Retrieved from SunSentinel.com September 22, 2010.[http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-05-12/features/fl-bp-fort-lauderdale-protest-20100511_1_oil-giant-bp-gulf-of-mexico-disaster-end-racism Demonstrators to gather in Fort Lauderdale to rail against oil giant BP]
* Stedman, Susan W. and Stedman Jr. Murray Salisbury. ''Discontent at the polls: a study of farmer and labor parties, 1827–1948''. New York: Columbia University Press. 1950.
* Woodcock, George, ''Anarchism: a history of libertarian ideas and movements''. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2004. ((ISBN|1-55111-629-4))
((refend))

== External links ==
* [http://www.slp.org/pdf/de_leon/ddlother/ddl_harriman.pdf "The Socialist Trade and Labor Alliance versus the 'pure and simple trade union'"],  1900 debate, [[Daniel De Leon]] and [[Job Harriman]]
* [http://www.marxists.org/archive/shachtma/1950/03/russia.htm "Is Russia a socialist Community?"], 1950 debate, [[Earl Browder]], [[C. Wright Mills]] and [[Max Shachtman]]
* "Why No Revolution? A Short History of American Left Movements", [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4QSuK5gvb0g Part 1: early 1800s to 1945], [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P85MmQ0Xhto Part 2: 1945–2012], 2012, featuring Joe Uris
*"Second Thought" https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCJm2TgUqtK1_NLBrjNQ1P-w

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