Football at the Summer Olympics, referred to as the Olympic Football Tournament,[note 1] has been included in every Summer Olympic Games as a men's competition sport, except 1896 (the inaugural Games) and 1932 (in an attempt to promote the new FIFA World Cup tournament). Women's football was added to the official program at the 1996 Atlanta Games.[1]
So as to avoid competition with the World Cup, FIFA have restricted participation of elite players in the men's tournament in various ways. Currently squads for the men's tournament are required to be composed of players under 23 years of age, with three permitted exceptions. By comparison, the women's football tournament is a senior-level international tournament, second in prestige only to the FIFA Women's World Cup.[2][3]
Football was not included in the program at the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896, as international football was in its infancy at the time. However, sources claim that an unofficial football tournament was organised during the first competition, with participating teams including Athens and Smyrna (Izmir), then part of the Ottoman Empire.[5] According to Bill Mallon's research, this is an error which has been perpetuated in multiple texts.[6]
Tournaments were played at the 1900 and 1904 games and the Intercalated Games of 1906, but these were contested by various clubs and scratch teams.[5] Although the IOC considers the 1900 and 1904 tournaments to be official Olympic events, they are not recognised by FIFA, and neither recognises the Intercalated Games today. In 1906 teams from Great Britain, Germany, Austria, the Netherlands and France withdrew from an unofficial competition and left Denmark, Smyrna (one Armenian, two Frenchmen and eight Britons), Athens and Thessaloniki to compete. Denmark won the final against Athens 9–0.
British successes
In the London Games of 1908 a proper international tournament was organised by the Football Association, featuring just six teams. The number of teams rose to eleven in 1912, when the competition was organised by the Swedish Football Association. Many of these early matches were unbalanced, as evidenced by high scoring games; two players, Sophus Nielsen in 1908 and Gottfried Fuchs in 1912, each scored ten goals in a single match. All players were amateurs, in accordance with the Olympic rules, which meant that countries could not send their full senior national teams. The National Olympic Committee for Great Britain and Ireland asked the Football Association to send an English national amateur team. Some of the English members played with professional clubs, most notably Derby County's Ivan Sharpe, Bradford City F.C. Harold Walden and Chelsea's Vivian Woodward. England won the first two official tournaments convincingly, beating Denmark both times.
During the 1920 final against Belgium, the Czechoslovakia national football team walked off the field to protest the refereeing of John Lewis[7] and the militarised mood within the stadium in Antwerp. This would be the final all-European football competition at the Olympic games, with Egypt, the United States, and Uruguay participating in 1924.[7] With teams from new regions the quality of play increased, as did fan interest.[7] Uruguay dominated the tournament, winning their four games by a combined score of 15-1: the final was a 3–0 victory over Switzerland.[7] In 1928, football was the most popular event at the games[8] and the final was an all-South American affair. Because no other major international tournament existed yet, Uruguay defeated Argentina 2–1 in what David Goldblatt says was "football's first world championship".[9] After these tournaments, FIFA realized that the Olympic movement prevented nations from competing on an equal footing and, given that the Olympics only permitted amateurs to participate, did not represent the true strength of the international game. The popularity of international soccer gave FIFA the inventive to create an international tournament, and FIFA began organising the World Cup.[8]
After the first World Cup
Tumultuous '30s
Following Henri Delaunay's proposal in 1929 to initiate a professional World Championship of Football, the sport was dropped from the 1932 Los Angeles Games by FIFA in an attempt to promote the new tournament. Football returned to controversy at the 1936 Berlin Games. The German organisers were intent on the return of the game to the Olympic movement since it guaranteed income into the organisation's coffers. The Italian team intimidated a referee. Peru scored a contested victory over Austria in overtime, with a fan invasion of the field at the very end. The Austrian team asked for the result to be annulled, and the game repeated. FIFA agreed, but the Peruvian team refused and left the Olympics.[10][11]
Soviet Bloc dominance amid amateurism controversy
As professionalism spread around the world, the gap in quality between the World Cup and the Olympics widened. The countries that benefited most were the Soviet Bloc countries of Eastern Europe, where top athletes were state-sponsored while retaining their status as amateurs. As a result, young Western amateurs had to face seasoned and veteran Soviet Bloc teams, which put them at a significant disadvantage. All Olympic football tournaments from 1948 to 1980 were dominated by the Soviet Union and its satellites.[12] Between 1948 and 1988, 25 out of 34 Olympic medals were won by Eastern Europe, with only Sweden (gold in 1948 and bronze in 1952), Denmark (bronze in 1948 and silver in 1960) and Japan (bronze in 1968) breaking their dominance, the last two of these seeing some changes due to FIFA's changing of the call-up rules, with only Yugoslavia (bronze in 1984) and the Soviet Union (gold in 1988) winning medals for the Eastern Bloc.
Changes and developments
For the 1984 Los Angeles Games, the IOC decided to admit professional players. FIFA still did not want the Olympics to rival the World Cup, so a compromise was struck that allowed teams from countries outside of UEFA and CONMEBOL to field their strongest sides, while restricting UEFA and CONMEBOL (the strongest confederations whose teams played all finals and won every single World Cup title) countries to players who had not played in a World Cup. The 1984 rules were maintained also for the 1988 edition, but with an additional paragraph: those European and South American footballers who had previously played less than 90 minutes in one single match of the World Cup, were eligible.[13]
1992–present: Age restrictions introduced
Since 1992 male competitors have been required to be under 23 years old; since 1996, a maximum of three over-23-year-old players have been allowed per squad.[a] African countries have taken particular advantage of this, with Nigeria and Cameroon winning in 1996 and 2000 respectively.
Because of the unusual format and the separation from the main national teams that play the World Cup and top continental tournaments, historically strong men's national teams have unimpressive Olympic records. Uruguay, who won the two tournaments prior to the World Cup's creation, only qualified again in 2012, after an 84-year absence. Argentina won silver twice (1928 and 1996) before the 2004 tournament, but its appearance in Athens 2004, in which it won the first gold medal, was only their seventh overall. Brazil's silver medals in the 1984, 1988 and 2012 editions were the best they had achieved until 2016's gold. Italy has only won the Olympic title once, in 1936, although along with the two bronzes, the team has the highest number of appearances in the tournament, with 15, the last in 2008. France won the Olympic title in 1984, but only qualified twice ever since. Germany's best result (before 2016 edition) was a single bronze medal, in 1988 as West Germany, and the reunified team did not make an Olympic appearance until 2016, when they won silver. Spain has won the gold medal as hosts in 1992, and followed it with two silver medals (in 2000 and 2020, having also gotten a third in 1920), along with a few failures to qualify.
Football in the United Kingdom has no single governing body, and there are separate teams for the UK's four Home Nations: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Only the English Football Association (FA) is affiliated to the British Olympic Association (BOA), and the FA entered "Great Britain" teams to the football tournaments until 1972. In 1974, the FA abolished the distinction between "amateur" and "professional" football, and stopped entering the Olympics. Even though FIFA has allowed professionals at the Olympics since 1984, the FA did not re-enter, as the Home Nations feared that a united British Olympic team would set a precedent that might cause FIFA to question their separate status in other FIFA competitions and on the International Football Association Board.[15][16]
When London was selected to host the 2012 Games, there was pressure on the English FA to exercise the host nation's automatic right to field a team.[17] In 2009 the plan agreed by the FA with the Welsh FA, Scottish FA and Irish FA was only to field English players;[18] however the BOA overruled this,[19] and ultimately there were Welsh players in the men's squad and Scots in the women's squad.[20] After the 2012 games, the FA decided that no team would be entered in subsequent men's tournaments, but was open to fielding a women's team again.[21]
For the 2020 tournament, FIFA stated that women's UK team (not applied to men's UK team) may enter the Olympics after the four FAs agreed, depending on the performance of women's English team in 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup (which serves as the European qualification for the Olympics).[22][23]
Due to the number of large stadia required for the Olympic tournament, venues in distant cities – often more than 200 km (120 mi) away from the main host – are typically used for the football tournament. In an extreme example, two early-round venues for the 1984 Games were on the East Coast of the United States, well over 2,000 miles (3,200 km) from the host city of Los Angeles. The next Games held in the United States, the 1996 Games, were unique in that no matches were held in the host city of Atlanta; the nearest venue and the site of the finals was 65 miles (105 km) away on the University of Georgia campus in Athens. Counting the 2016 and 2020 Summer Olympics, there are 127 venues that have hosted Olympic football, the most of any sport.
For both the men's and women's tournaments, the competition consists of a round-robin group stage followed by a knockout stage. Teams are placed into groups of 4 teams, with each team playing each other team in its group once. Teams earn 3 points for a win, 1 point for a draw, and 0 points for a loss. The top two teams in each group (as well as the top two third-place finishers, in the women's tournament) advance to the knockout rounds. The knockout rounds are a single-elimination tournament consisting of quarterfinals, semifinals, and the gold and bronze medal matches.
Matches consist of two halves of 45 minutes each. Since 2004, during the knockout rounds, if the match is tied after 90 minutes, two 15-minute halves of extra time are played (extra time is skipped in favour of immediate penalty kicks in the bronze medal match if it is played on the same day in the same stadium as the gold medal match). If the score remains tied, penalty kicks, which is 5 rounds, plus extra rounds if tied, are used to determine the winner.[24]
The qualifying tournament, like that for the World Cup, is organised along continental lines. Most continental confederations organise a special Under-23 qualifying tournament, although the European qualifiers are drawn from the finalists of the UEFA Under-21 Championship. Teams participating in the preliminary and final competitions must be composed of U-23 players, with up to three players who are at least 23. For Tokyo 2020, U-23 players are born after 1 January 1997.[a][25]
For the 2020 Games, the number of places allocated to each continent is:
^Notation based on FIFA's official website and the Olympic official ticket guide.
^the 1924 and 1928 editions were co-organised by FIFA)[29][31]
^Countries from Eastern Europe competed with professional players.[31]
^ abcdThis tournament waw originally a pair of demonstration matches between the three teams, but has subsequently been upgraded to official status by the IOC with medals attributed to the teams based upon the match results.
^ abOnly three teams participated in the competition.
^ abIn 1920, Czechoslovakia abandoned the final match against Belgium after 40 minutes with the latter up 2–0. They were disqualified, and a mini-tournament to figure out the other medalists was held, with Spain beating the Netherlands for second place 3–1.
Starting with the first official football tournament in London in 1908, Denmark's Sophus Nielsen and Hungary's Antal Dunai share the record for the most total goals scored by a player in tournament history. Both have 13 goals: Nielsen scored 11 goals in 1908 and two in 1912, and Dunai scored six in 1968 and seven in 1972. Ferenc Bene holds the record for the most goals scored by a player in a single Olympics tournament, scoring 12 goals in the 1964 edition. Sophus Nielsen and Gottfried Fuchs share the record for most goals scored in a single Olympic match at 10. Nielson achieved that in the semi-final match against France in 1908, and Fuchs did so in the first-round match against Russia in the 1912 consolation tournament.
Neymar scored the fastest goal in a men's Olympic football match in history, 14 seconds into the semi-final match against Honduras on 17 August 2016.[32]
All-time top scorers
The all-time top goalscorers with at least 7 goals (since 1908)
Since the first official tournament in 1908 in England, 99 hat-tricks have been scored in over 1,000 matches of the 25 editions of the tournament. The first hat-trick was scored by Vilhelm Wolfhagen of the Denmark, playing against France B in 1908; the most recent was by Rafa Mir of Spain, playing against Ivory Coast on 31 July 2020. The only Olympic Football Tournament not to have at least one hat-trick scored were the 1976, 2008, and 2012 editions. The record number of hat-tricks in a single Olympic Football Tournament is twelve, during the Football at the 1928 Summer Olympics in the Netherlands, including three in the Bronze medal match as Italy defeated Egypt 11–3.[33]
Vilhelm Wolfhagen was the first player to score a hat-trick in an Olympic football match, on 19 October 1908, while playing for Denmark against France B.
Only one player has scored three hat-tricks in Olympic football matches: Domingo Tarasconi (all in 1928). Tarasconi achieved that with 4 goals in the first round against United States, another 4 goals in the quarter-finals against Belgium, and three goals in the semi-finals against Egypt.
There has been only one occasion when three hat-tricks have been scored in the same match. It occurred during the Bronze medal match of the 1928 edition, when Italy defeated Egypt 17–1, and Angelo Schiavo, Elvio Banchero and Mario Magnozzi, all playing for Italy, scored three goals, with the later starting his only in the 72' minute.[33] Furthermore, there have been twelve occasions when two hat-tricks have been scored in the same match, with the most recent occurring during the 2016 edition: when Germany defeated Fiji 10–0, and Nils Petersen and Max Meyer, both playing for Germany, scored 5 and 3 goals respectively.
The longest hat-trick to be completed (most time between the first and third goals), was scored by Kwame Ayew, who netted his first goal at 17', while the third goal came in extra time at 120+1'. Ayew achieved this feat in the 1992 Olympic Football Tournament, playing for Ghana against Paraguay in the quarter-finals.
The quickest hat-trick is Sophus Nielsen, who scored at 3', 4', and 6' in the 1908 Olympic Football Tournament, playing for Denmark against France in the semi-finals, and he went on to net more 7 times. This is also the briefest hat-trick to be completed (the shortest time between the first and third goals), as the time between his first and third a mere 3 minutes.
The only hat-trick scored by a substitute, is the one by Rafa Mir, in 2020 against Ivory Coast in the quarter-finals, he came-on in the 90+2' minute, and scored at 90+3', 117', and 120+1'.[34]
Germany (incl. East and West Germany) holds the record for most hat-tricks scored with 11. The next closest is Yugoslavia with 8, and then Hungary and Italy with 7, closely followed by Argentina, Czechoslovakia, Denmark and Sweden with 5 each (Brazil and Great Britain have 4).
United States holds the record for most hat-tricks conceded with 7. The next closest is France (incl. France B) and Japan with 5, being closely followed by Egypt, Fiji, Germany (incl. West Germany), Mexico, South Korea and Yugoslavia (incl. Kingdom of SCS) with 4.
Medal table
Countries ranked by total medals won including 1900 and 1904.
The women's tournament is contested between the full senior national teams, with no restrictions. One place is reserved for the host country. Of the remaining teams, as in World Cup contests a specific number of places are reserved for teams from each continental region; the European (UEFA) teams are chosen from the most successful European teams in the previous year's World Cup, whilst the other continental regions host their own qualifying tournaments in the build-up to the Olympics.
The first women's tournament was at the 1996 Atlanta Games. The United States won the gold medal. Norway defeated the U.S. in 2000 by a golden goal that was highly controversial and seemed like a handball, but was allowed to stand.[35] The finals of the next two tournaments, in 2004 and 2008, also went to extra time, with the U.S. defeating Brazil both times. In 2012 the U.S. won their fourth gold medal defeating Japan 2–1 in the final. In 2016 Germany won its first gold, defeating in the final Sweden, who upset in the succession the U.S. and hosts Brazil. In 2020, Canada won gold on penalties over Sweden, having previously also beaten Brazil and the U.S.
Allocation of places for each continent in the 2020 Games is:
