United Front Work Department
中共中央统一战线工作部
Formation1942; 81 years ago (1942)
TypeDepartment directly reporting to the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
Headquarters135 Fuyou Street, Xicheng District, Beijing
Head
Shi Taifeng
Executive deputy head
Chen Xiaojiang*
Deputy heads
Pan Yue*, Xu Lejiang*, Shi Jun, Cui Maohu
Discipline Secretary
Liu Junchuan
Parent organization
Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party
SubsidiariesNational Ethnic Affairs Commission
Budget
$1.8 billion USD (estimated)[1]
Websitewww.zytzb.gov.cn Edit this at Wikidata
*Minister-level rank
Politics of China
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The United Front Work Department (UFWD; simplified Chinese: 中共中央统一战线工作部; traditional Chinese: 中共中央統一戰線工作部; pinyin: Zhōnggòng zhōngyāng tǒngyī zhànxiàn gōngzuò bù) is a department of the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) tasked with "united front work." It gathers intelligence on, manages relations with, and attempts to gain influence over elite individuals and organizations inside and outside China, including in Hong Kong and Taiwan.[2][3] The UFWD focuses its work on people or entities that are outside the CCP, especially in the overseas Chinese diaspora, who hold political, commercial, or academic influence, or who represent interest groups.[4][5] Through its efforts, the UFWD seeks to ensure that these individuals and groups are supportive of or useful to CCP interests and that potential critics remain divided.[6][7][8]

History

The United Front Work Department was created during the Chinese Civil War, and was reestablished in 1979 under paramount leader Deng Xiaoping. Since 2012, the role and scope of the UFWD has expanded and intensified under CCP general secretary Xi Jinping.[9][10][11][12]

Civil war and gaining power

See also: First United Front and Second United Front

United front policies were most used in two periods before the Chinese Communist Revolution, namely from 1924 to 1927, and from 1936 to 1945, when the CCP cooperated with the Nationalist Party ostensibly to defeat the Japanese.[13] The simplest formulation of UF work in the period was to "rally as many allies as possible in order to...defeat a common enemy."[13]

In the early years, the CCP also used united front policies to cooperate with "disaffected warlords, religious believers, ethnic minorities, overseas Chinese, and minor parties and groups," in order for the CCP to appear democratic and to persuade key groups that the Nationalists were "illegitimate and repressive while the CCP embodied progress, unity, and democracy."[13]

After seizing power, the CCP continued to deploy united front strategies to train intellectuals, "and, using thought reform based on criticism, began the transformation of the old society intellectuals." This involved violent elimination of what were termed "bourgeois and idealistic political beliefs," to instill faith in "class struggle and revolutionary change."[13]

Reform-era

In the late 1970s the policy was used for the common cause of economic reform. From there the Party expanded the scope of its work internationally during the reform era, and again following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. The department includes a bureau tasked with handling Hong Kong, Macau, Taiwan, and overseas affairs, and articulates the importance of using overseas Chinese populations to promote unification.[14]

In 1980, the CCP Central Committee approved a request by the UFWD to create a national conference for religious groups.[15]: 126–127  The participating religious groups were the Catholic Patriotic Association, the Islamic Association of China, the Chinese Taoist Association, the Three-Self Patriotic Movement, and the Buddhist Association of China.[15]: 127 

It played an important role in building support for "One country, two systems" in Hong Kong during the 1980s and 1990s,[16] operating under the name of the "Coordination Department."[17] The UFWD has been critically described as serving to co-opt non-Communist community leaders outside China, and "using them to neutralize Party critics," sometimes coercively.[18]

Scholar of Chinese political history John P. Burns presents in his book The Chinese Communist Party's Nomenklatura System excerpts from internal party documents demonstrating the role of the UFWD. The UFWD is to "implement better the party's united front policy and to assess and understand patriotic personages in different fields... so that we can arrange for correct placements for them and fully mobilize and bring into play their positive role in the Four Modernizations and to accomplish the return of Taiwan to the motherland so as to fulfill the cause of uniting the whole country, and to carry forward and solidify the revolutionary, patriotic united front."[19]

The UFWD was used in the early years of PRC rule "to guarantee CCP oversight" over groups that were not directly associated with the Party and government. Those groups, including NGOs, were brought under the authority of the UFWD, whose job it was to “continuing to play its part in mobilizing and rallying the whole people in common struggle” after the Liberation in 1949. When the CCP "shifted its focus from the 'mass line' to 'class struggle', the real united front disappeared. While the United Front Department still existed, its duties of uniting with all forces for the 'common struggle' shifted mainly to serving the Party's leadership and 'consolidating the proletarian dictatorship'," according to Brookings Institution visiting fellow Zhang Ye.[20] Based on their actions in Taiwan and elsewhere the United Front Work Department appears to be used as a cover to conduct intelligence operations against targets of interest to the CCP.[21]

Structure

The UFWD is reported to have over 40,000 personnel and does not disclose its budget.[22][23] It oversees and directs eight minor and subordinate political parties and the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce.[24] It historically maintained a close relationship with the now-absorbed State Administration for Religious Affairs, which has overseen the country's five officially sanctioned religious organizations. In 2018, the United Front Work Department went through a reorganization in which it absorbed the State Administration for Religious Affairs (SARA) and the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office (OCAO) to become two internal bureaus.[12][25][26] As part of the "one institution with two names" system, the UFWD retains OCAO and SARA (also called National Religious Affairs Administration) as external nameplates. The UFWD has also taken a leading role in antireligious campaigns under the official pretense of "sinicizing religions."[27]

The UFWD also directs the National Ethnic Affairs Commission.[28][29] As such, the UFWD is China's main agency overseeing and managing ethnic, religious and overseas Chinese affairs.[30][28] The UFWD plays an active role in the sinicization of ethnic and religious minorities, particularly in Tibet, Inner Mongolia and of the Uyghurs through the Xinjiang internment camps.[31][32][29] In 2020, shortly after the commencement of the 2020 Inner Mongolia protests, the UFWD issued a communique that stressed the need for all ethnic minorities in China to use Standard Chinese.[33]

The UFWD has thirteen subdivisions, including nine bureaux (局 jú) and four other units:[34][needs update]

Internal and overseas operations

See also: Chinese intelligence activity abroad, Chinese information operations and information warfare, and Political warfare

Alex Joske has noted that there is no clear distinction between domestic and overseas UFWD activity and often overlap between the two.[5] Scholar Martin Thorley has described the UFWD as being able to call upon a "latent network" of civic, educational, and non-governmental groups and affiliated individuals internally and abroad for its political purposes, especially in times of crisis.[38] For instance, the UFWD uses members of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference and other organizations to carry out influence-building activities, often covertly.[2][39] Researchers from Stanford University's Internet Observatory and the Hoover Institution describe the United Front as "cultivat[ing] pro-Beijing perspectives in the Chinese diaspora and the wider world by rewarding those it deems friendly with accolades and lucrative opportunities, while orchestrating social and economic pressure against critics. This pressure is often intense but indirect, and clear attribution is therefore difficult."[40]

The UFWD and its affiliated front organizations have also served as cover for intelligence agents of the Ministry of State Security.[5] Multiple national intelligence agencies have expressed concern that the mandate and operations of the UFWD can constitute undue interference in other nations' internal affairs.[41][18] In their book Nest of Spies, de Pierrebourg and Juneau-Katsuya allege that the United Front Work Department “manages important dossiers concerning foreign countries. These include propaganda, the control of Chinese students abroad, the recruiting of agents among the Chinese diaspora (and among sympathetic foreigners), and long-term clandestine operations.”[42]

The Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries has been described as the "public face" of the UFWD.[43] Scholar Jichang Lulu noted that the UFWD and its proxy organizations "re-purpose democratic governance structures to serve as tools of extraterritorial influence."[44] An Atlantic writer stated China runs thousands of linked and subsidized pro-government groups across Europe, to "ensure that its overseas citizens, and others of ethnic Chinese descent, are loyal", to "shape the conversation about China in Europe", and to "bring back technology and expertise", and that the UFWD plays a "crucial" role in this project.[45] Scholar Jeffrey Stoff has argued that the CPP's United Front "influence apparatus intersects with or directly supports its global technology transfer apparatus."[46][47]

In March 2018, it was announced that the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office would be absorbed into the United Front Work Department.[26][48] With the absorption of the Overseas Chinese Affairs Office, the UFWD gained full control of the country's second largest state-run media apparatus, the China News Service.[26] In 2019, the UFWD partnered with the Cyberspace Administration of China to promote united front work with social media influencers.[5]

In January 2020, UFWD-linked organizations in Canada and other countries were activated to purchase, stockpile, and export personal protective equipment in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in mainland China.[49][50] UFWD-affiliated groups have also been linked to organized crime in several countries.[51][52]

Foreign electoral interference allegations

Further information: Foreign electoral intervention and Transnational authoritarianism

The UFWD has also allegedly interfered in foreign elections, including the 2019 Canadian federal election.[53] Following the 2019 Canadian Parliament infiltration plot, the Privy Council Office warned that election interference by China was "likely to be more persistent and pervasive in future elections" and that "the UFWD’s extensive network of quasi-official and local community and interest groups, allow it to obfuscate communication and the flow of funds between Canadian targets and Chinese officials."[54]

Reaction

A 2018 report by the United States-China Economic and Security Review Commission noted that the UFWD regularly attempts to suppress overseas protests and acts of expression critical of the CCP are a conspiracy against rights.[2] In May 2020, the White House released a report titled "U.S. Strategic Approach to the People's Republic of China".[55] That report stated that "CCP United Front organizations and agents target businesses, universities, think tanks, scholars, journalists, and local, state, and Federal officials in the United States and around the world, attempting to influence discourse and restrict external influence inside the PRC."[56][57] In June 2020, the Australian Strategic Policy Institute issued a report advocating a multi-dimensional response involving law enforcement as well as legislative reform for greater transparency of foreign influence operations.[5] The same month the Republican Study Committee in the United States called for sanctions on the UFWD and its top leadership.[58]

In January 2022, MI5 issued an "interference alert" for a solicitor in the UK named Christine Lee suspected of political interference on behalf of the UFWD.[59][60] In a February 2022 ruling, a Canadian court stated that the UFWD's Overseas Chinese Affairs Office "engages in covert and surreptitious intelligence gathering”.[61] In July 2023, a group of U.S. senators asked the United States Department of Justice to investigate "Overseas Chinese Service Centers" with alleged ties to the UFWD that are operating in seven U.S. cities.[62][63]

U.S. sanctions and prosecution

Further information: United States sanctions against China

In December 2020, the United States Department of State imposed visa restrictions on "individuals active in United Front Work Department activities, who have engaged in the use or threat of physical violence, theft and release of private information, espionage, sabotage, or malicious interference in domestic political affairs, academic freedom, personal privacy, or business activity."[64][65] In January 2021, the head of the UFWD, You Quan, was sanctioned pursuant to Executive Order 13936 as a Specially Designated National by United States Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control.[66][67]

In May 2023, a U.S. man, Liang Litang, was indicted for acting as an illegal agent of the Chinese government and for surveilling and harassing Chinese dissidents. Liang allegedly passed information to officials of the UFWD and Ministry of Public Security.[68][69]

Department heads

During two periods the United Front Work Department was without a leader, from 1966 to 1975 during the Cultural Revolution and from the end of 1989 until 22 November 1990 following the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre. The UFWD has had two female heads, Liu Yandong (2002–2007) and Sun Chunlan (2014–2017).[70]

Portrait English Name Chinese Start End
Zhou Enlai 周恩来 1938 1942
Wang Ming 王明 1942 1947
Zhou Enlai 周恩来 1947 1948
Li Weihan 李维汉 October 1948 December 1964
Xu Bing 徐冰 December 1964 1966
Cultural Revolution Interregnum 1966 1975
Li Dazhang 李大章 November 1975 May 1976
Ulanhu 鸟阑夫 May 1976 April 1982
Yang Jingren 杨静仁 April 1982 November 1985
Yan Mingfu 阎明复 November 1985 November 1990
Tiananmen Massacre Interregnum Late 1989 22 November 1990
Ding Guangen 丁关根 November 1990 December 1992
Wang Zhaoguo 王兆国 December 1992 December 2002
Liu Yandong 刘延东 December 2002 December 2007
Du Qinglin 杜青林 December 2007 September 2012
Ling Jihua 令计划 September 2012 December 2014
Sun Chunlan 孙春兰 December 2014 November 2017
You Quan 尤权 November 2017 October 2022
Shi Taifeng 石泰峰 October 2022 Incumbent
Source: Chinese Spies: From Chairman Mao to Xi Jinping[70]

See also

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Chinese Communist Party
State Council of the People's Republic of China
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