Hulunbuir
呼伦贝尔市 • ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ | |
|---|---|
Hulunbuir steppes | |
Location of Hulunbuir City jurisdiction in Inner Mongolia | |
| Coordinates (Hulunbuir municipal government): 49°12′26″N 119°46′16″E / 49.2072°N 119.7711°ECoordinates: 49°12′26″N 119°46′16″E / 49.2072°N 119.7711°E | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Region | Inner Mongolia |
| Municipal seat | Hailar District |
| Area | |
| • Prefecture-level city | 263,953 km2 (101,913 sq mi) |
| • Urban (2017)[1] | 252.00 km2 (97.30 sq mi) |
| • Districts[1] | 1,518.9 km2 (586.5 sq mi) |
| Population (2010) | |
| • Prefecture-level city | 2,549,278 |
| • Density | 9.7/km2 (25/sq mi) |
| • Urban (2017)[1] | 349,400 |
| • Urban density | 1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi) |
| • Districts[1] | 356,000 |
| • Major nationalities | Han: 81.85% Mongols: 8.6% Manchu: 4.13% |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 021000 |
| Area code | 0470 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-NM-07 |
| Website | www |
| Hulunbuir | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 呼伦贝尔 | ||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 呼倫貝爾 | ||||||||
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| Mongolian name | |||||||||
| Mongolian Cyrillic | Хөлөнбуйр хот | ||||||||
| Mongolian script | ᠬᠥᠯᠥᠨ ᠪᠤᠶᠢᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ | ||||||||
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Hulunbuir or Hulun Buir (Mongolian: 
During the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912), Hulunbuir was part of Heilongjiang province. The 1858 Treaty of Aigun established today's approximate Sino-Russian border, at a great loss to Heilongjiang's territory. In 1901, the Chinese Eastern Railway linked Hulunbuir to the rest of northeast China and to Russian Far East. From 1912 to 1949, during the Republic of China (ROC) period, Hulunbuir was part of Xing'an and Heilongjiang provinces. In winter 1912, the Barga Mongol people of Hulunbuir expelled the Chinese troops and administration and proclaimed the independence of Barga (Hulunbuir); afterwards they declared allegiance to the Bogdo Khan of Mongolia; an agreement between the Russian Empire and the ROC on November 6/October 24, 1915 designated Hulunbuir a "special" region under direct subordination to the Central Government of China, but in practice Russia had partial control over day-to-day administration and economy.[2][3] In 1929, the Soviet Union broke this agreement and invaded Hulunbuir.[4] After the Japanese invasion of China, Hulunbuir became part of the Japanese puppet state Manchukuo, which was not recognized by the Chinese. In the Chinese Civil War, the Communist Party of China gained the support of Inner Mongol leaders like Ulanhu by promising the irredentist expansion of Inner Mongolia into areas that had majorities of Han and Manchu peoples.[5]
After the 1949 Communist revolution, Hulunbuir was annexed into Inner Mongolia, but the region kept economic ties to the rest of the northeast via the Chinese Eastern Railway.[6] During the Cultural Revolution, the parts of historical Manchuria inside Inner Mongolia were briefly restored to their original provinces; Hulunbuir was given back to Heilongjiang from 1969 to 1979.[6] Until October 10, 2001, Hulunbuir was administered as a League. The area is 263,953 km2 (101,913 sq mi) and had a population of 2.710 million in 2004, while the gross domestic product was RMB 21.326 billion. The jurisdiction area of the city is larger than all but 8 Chinese province-level divisions (and 42 U.S. states), although the actual urban agglomeration is just a very small part of the region, and the average population density of the area is very low.
The city was once a league (盟) of Inner Mongolia, until 10 October 2001. During the Qing Dynasty, it was known in Mandarin as Hūlúnbùyǔ'ěr (simplified Chinese: 呼伦布雨尔; traditional Chinese: 呼倫布雨爾).
Hulunbuir is divided into 13 different county-level jurisdictions: one district, five county-level cities, four banners and three autonomous banners.
| Map | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Note: Jiagedaqi & Songling
is de facto part of Oroqen Banner but subordinate to Daxing'anling Prefecture in Heilongjiang. | ||||||
| Name | Mongolian | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2010) |
Area (km2) | Density (/km2) |
| Hailar District | ᠬᠠᠶᠢᠯᠠᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ (Qayilar toɣoriɣ) |
海拉尔区 | Hǎilā'ěr Qū | 344,947 | 1,440 | 181 |
| Jalainur District | ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠢᠳᠨᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠲᠣᠭᠣᠷᠢᠭ (Jalainaɣur toɣoriɣ) |
扎赉诺尔区 | Zhālàinuò'ěr Qū | 97,000 | 272 | 357 |
| Manzhouli City | ᠮᠠᠨᠵᠤᠤᠷ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Manjuur qota) |
满洲里市 | Mǎnzhōulǐ Shì | 152,473 | 424 | 360 |
| Zalantun City | ᠵᠠᠯᠠᠨ ᠠᠶᠢᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Jalan Ayil qota) |
扎兰屯市 | Zhālántún Shì | 366,326 | 16,800 | 21.8 |
| Yakeshi City | ᠶᠠᠭᠰᠢ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Yaɣsi qota) |
牙克石市 | Yákèshí Shì | 352,177 | 27,590 | 12.8 |
| Genhe City (Gengol City) |
ᠭᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠭᠣᠣᠯ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Gegen Ɣool qota) |
根河市 | Gēnhé Shì | 110,441 | 19,659 | 5.6 |
| Ergun City | ᠡᠷᠭᠦᠨᠡ ᠬᠣᠲᠠ (Ergün-e qota) |
额尔古纳市 | É'ěrgǔnà Shì | 76,667 | 28,000 | 2.7 |
| Arun Banner | ᠠᠷᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Arun qosiɣu) |
阿荣旗 | Āróng Qí | 278,744 | 12,063 | 23.1 |
| New Barag Right Banner (Xin Barag Barun Banner) |
ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠪᠠᠷᠠᠭᠤᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Sin-e Barɣu Baraɣun qosiɣu) |
新巴尔虎右旗 | Xīnbā'ěrhǔ Yòu Qí | 36,356 | 25,102 | 1.4 |
| New Barag Left Banner (Xin Barag Jun Banner) |
ᠰᠢᠨᠡ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠵᠡᠭᠦᠨ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Sin-e Barɣu Jegün qosiɣu) |
新巴尔虎左旗 | Xīnbā'ěrhǔ Zuǒ Qí | 40,258 | 22,000 | 1.8 |
| Old Barag Banner (Huqin Barag Banner) |
ᠬᠠᠭᠤᠴᠢᠨ ᠪᠠᠷᠭᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Qaɣučin Barɣu qosiɣu) |
陈巴尔虎旗 | Chénbā'ěrhǔ Qí | 58,244 | 21,192 | 2.7 |
| Oroqen Autonomous Banner | ᠣᠷᠴᠣᠨ ᠤ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Orčon-u öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu) |
鄂伦春自治旗 | Èlúnchūn Zìzhìqí | 223,752 | 59,800 | 3.7 |
| Ewenki Autonomous Banner | ᠡᠸᠡᠩᠬᠢ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Eveŋki öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu) |
鄂温克族自治旗 | Èwēnkèzú Zìzhìqí | 134,981 | 19,111 | 7.1 |
| Morin Dawa Daur Autonomous Banner | ᠮᠣᠷᠢᠨ ᠳᠠᠪᠠᠭᠠ ᠳᠠᠭᠤᠷ ᠥᠪᠡᠷᠲᠡᠭᠡᠨ ᠵᠠᠰᠠᠬᠤ ᠬᠣᠰᠢᠭᠤ (Morin Dabaɣ-a Daɣur öbertegen jasaqu qosiɣu) |
莫力达瓦达斡尔族自治旗 | Mòlìdáwǎ Dáwò'ěrzú Zìzhìqí | 276,912 | 10,500 | 26.4 |
| Part of Oroqin Autonomous Banner is de facto subordinate to Daxing'anling Prefecture in Heilongjiang. | ||||||
Hulunbuir itself (Hailar) has a humid continental climate (Köppen Dwb). Winters are long, very dry and severe, due to the semi−permanent Siberian High, while summers are short, though very warm, and rather wet, due to the East Asian monsoon. At Hailar, the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −25.1 °C (−13.2 °F) in January to 20.0 °C (68 °F) in July, while the annual mean is −0.96 °C (30.3 °F). With at least 55% of possible sunshine in all months and an annual total greater than 2,700 hours, sunny weather dominates year-round. Approximately 70% of the annual rainfall occurs during the three summer months.
| Climate data for Hailar District (1981−2010 normals) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −1.0 (30.2) |
4.3 (39.7) |
16.2 (61.2) |
29.4 (84.9) |
33.7 (92.7) |
38.8 (101.8) |
39.5 (103.1) |
36.9 (98.4) |
33.2 (91.8) |
26.2 (79.2) |
12.2 (54.0) |
2.4 (36.3) |
39.5 (103.1) |
| Average high °C (°F) | −19.2 (−2.6) |
−13.5 (7.7) |
−3.4 (25.9) |
9.5 (49.1) |
18.4 (65.1) |
24.4 (75.9) |
26.1 (79.0) |
24.3 (75.7) |
17.6 (63.7) |
8.0 (46.4) |
−5.8 (21.6) |
−16.2 (2.8) |
5.8 (42.5) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −24.8 (−12.6) |
−20.3 (−4.5) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
3.0 (37.4) |
11.6 (52.9) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.4 (68.7) |
18.3 (64.9) |
10.8 (51.4) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−11.7 (10.9) |
−21.4 (−6.5) |
−0.4 (31.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −29.2 (−20.6) |
−25.7 (−14.3) |
−15.8 (3.6) |
−3.0 (26.6) |
4.4 (39.9) |
11.4 (52.5) |
14.9 (58.8) |
12.8 (55.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−16.3 (2.7) |
−25.7 (−14.3) |
−5.9 (21.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −42.9 (−45.2) |
−42.3 (−44.1) |
−32.5 (−26.5) |
−21.6 (−6.9) |
−8.4 (16.9) |
0.1 (32.2) |
5.3 (41.5) |
2.5 (36.5) |
−7.9 (17.8) |
−20.5 (−4.9) |
−38.0 (−36.4) |
−40.1 (−40.2) |
−42.9 (−45.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 4.6 (0.18) |
3.6 (0.14) |
6.0 (0.24) |
13.9 (0.55) |
22.7 (0.89) |
55.1 (2.17) |
94.0 (3.70) |
88.0 (3.46) |
33.6 (1.32) |
16.7 (0.66) |
6.4 (0.25) |
7.4 (0.29) |
352.0 (13.86) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) | 7.6 | 5.9 | 5.6 | 5.9 | 7.0 | 12.9 | 14.5 | 12.4 | 9.5 | 6.2 | 7.1 | 9.6 | 104.2 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 78 | 78 | 69 | 52 | 46 | 59 | 69 | 70 | 64 | 62 | 73 | 79 | 67 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 167.0 | 195.6 | 244.1 | 246.2 | 298.0 | 285.9 | 279.8 | 268.7 | 218.6 | 210.1 | 165.3 | 139.4 | 2,718.7 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 63 | 69 | 67 | 60 | 63 | 59 | 58 | 60 | 58 | 63 | 60 | 55 | 61 |
| Source: China Meteorological Administration (precipitation days and sunshine 1971–2000)[7][8] | |||||||||||||
| Ethnic group | Population in 2000 | Share |
|---|---|---|
| Han | 2,199,645 | 81.85% |
| Mongols | 231,276 | 8.6% |
| Daur | 111,053 | 4.13% |
| Hui | 70,287 | 2.62% |
| Evenks | 30,950 | 1.15% |
| Oroqen | 8,355 | 0.31% |
| Russians | 4,741 | 0.18% |
Airports include:
