Agusan | |
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Native to | Philippines |
Region | Mindanao |
Native speakers | (80,000 cited 1978–2002)[1] |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | Variously:msm – Agusan, Omayamnonmbd – Dibabawonmqk – Rajah Kabunsuwan |
Glottolog | east2478 |
Agusan is a Manobo language of northeastern Mindanao in the Philippines.
Agusan Manobo (consisting of the Umayam, Adgawan, Surigao, and Omayamnon dialects) is spoken in the following areas.[2]
Dibabawon Manobo is spoken in the following areas.[3]
Rajah Kabunsuwan Manobo is spoken in the following areas.[4]
The Omayamnon, Dibabawon, and Rajah Kabunsuwan dialects are divergent.
In Agusan, the stops have unreleased variants when occurring before another consonant, silence, and in syllable-final position.[5] The glottal stop /ʔ/ occurs in all consonant positions.[5] Of the continuants, all occur in syllable-initial position and all except /h/ in word-final position. The consonants /d/ and /j/ are used interchangeably.[5]
Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
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Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | |
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
Fricative | s | h | |||
Flap | ɾ | ||||
Approximant | w | l | j |
Agusan has only five vowels, /i/, /u/, /e/, /æ/, and /a/. Vowels may appear alone, after a consonant, or between consonants in a syllable. All vowels, with the exception of /æ/, may occur "in a sequence of identical vowels separated by a glottal stop". The vowel /e/ never occurs next to the consonant /r/.[5]
Front | Central | Back | |
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High | i | u | |
Mid | e | ||
Low | æ | a |
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Northern Luzon |
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Greater Central Philippine |
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Reconstructed | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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