| Batak | |
|---|---|
| Toba–Batak | |
| Geographic distribution | Sumatra, Indonesia |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian |
| Proto-language | Proto-Batak |
| Subdivisions |
|
| ISO 639-2 / 5 | btk |
| Glottolog | toba1265 |
The distribution of Batak languages in northern Sumatra | |
The Batak languages are a subgroup of the Austronesian languages spoken by the Batak people in the Indonesian province of North Sumatra and surrounding areas.
The Batak languages can be divided into two main branches, Northern Batak and Southern Batak. Simalungun was long considered an intermediary, but in current classifications it is recognized as part of the Southern branch.[1][2] Within Northern Batak, a study noted 81% cognate words between Karo and Alas, 76% with Pakpak, 60% with Simalungun, 50% with Toba-Angkola-Mandailing .[3] Karo and Toba Batak are mutually unintelligible.
| Batak languages |
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Mandailing, Toba and Angkola are related to each other and Mutually Intelligible . Karo languages are mutually intelligible with other Northern Batak languages named Alas - Kluet language's in Southern part of Aceh also partially mutually intelligible with Pakpak, Singkil. Simalungun languages are sometimes partially mutually intelligible with both Northern and Southern Batak, but more comprehensible with other Southern Batak languages (Toba-Angkola-Mandailing). The geographical influences on the Batak languages can be seen in the map in the infobox; Lake Toba separates the Karo (Northern Batak) from direct contact with the Toba (Southern Batak).
| Proto-Batak | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Batak languages |
Reconstructed ancestors | |
The Batak languages can be shown to descend from a hypothetical common ancestor, Proto-Batak (which in turn originates from Proto-Austronesian). The sound system of Proto-Batak was reconstructed by Adelaar (1981).[2]
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | *p | *t | *c | *k | |
| voiced | *b | *d | *j | *ɡ | ||
| Fricative | *s | *h | ||||
| Nasal | *m | *n | *ŋ | |||
| Semivowel | *w | *y | ||||
| Lateral | *l | |||||
| Trill | *r | |||||
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| High | *i | *u | |
| Mid | *ə | ||
| Low | *a |
Final diphthongs: *-uy, *-ey, *-ow.
The Proto-Batak sounds underwent the following changes in the individual daughter languages:[2]
|
Main article: Batak script |
Historically, the Batak languages were written using the Batak script, but the Latin script is now used for most writing.
